the stress of action and the spur of ambition, to realize either the limits of military success or the spirit of the nations he was at- ' tempting to crush. He was not exempt from personal vanity. Complaining of the action of the republican German Reich in altering the name of the popular contribution (Kriegsspende) of 150,000,000 marks, collected for war invalids, from " Ludendorff Fund " to " People's Fund," he says: " Could not the Republic have continued to let it bear my name this fund which, pre- cisely on account of its bearing my name, had brought in so much money and was so beneficial?" He was a master of caustic retort. Prince Max of Baden, instigated by his Socialist col- leagues in the Government, had. complained that the table of the officers at the front was in glaring contrast with the poverty of the common soldiers' rations, and had suggested that the officers should be content with the same food as their men. Ludendorff replied that the staff could not do its brain work on the common soldier's rations, but he would undertake to try to live on these rations, if Prince Max and the members of his Government would do likewise. " Prince Max, " Ludendorff reports, " did not care to eat the soldiers' rations," and, accordingly, the subject was dropped.
After the revolution, Ludendorff knew that his influencean the country was gone and that he even ran the risk of being impeached by the revolutionary Government for having prolonged the war, as well as for his political activities. He, therefore, like Tirpitz, went abroad, choosing Sweden as his place of refuge, and did not return to Berlin till the spring of 1910. His behaviour after his return was ambiguous. He refrained from placing himself at the head of any reactionary movement, but he was always in evi- dence whenever such movements seemed likely to achieve any success. The reactionaries continued to regard him as one of their main hopes, and during some of their manifestations of 1919 he showed himself in the streets and was cheered by ex- officers and royalist crowds. During the days of the Kapp coup d'etat (March 1920) he was a frequent visitor at the headquarters of Kapp's usurping "Government." After the failure of Kapp and his associates, Ludendorff betook himself to Bavaria, which, under the Government of Herr von Kahr (1920-1) and under a formal state of siege, was administered in a reactionary spirit. Bavaria thus became a refuge for Prussian plotters like Col. Bauer, Major Pabst and Capt. Ehrhardt, whose Marine Brigade had supported Kapp. The Prussian refugees seem to have enjoyed the protection of this Bavarian Government, and it was among them that assassinations like those of Gareis, the Bava- rian Independent Socialist leader, and of Erzberger, the Demo- cratic Catholic leader, were planned. It is unlikely that Luden- dorff was associated with these particular schemes, but his name and his influence were identified with the royalist parties, whose unmeasured agitation favoured the wildest plots and contributed to the spirit which led to assassinations like that of Erzberger.
In addition to his Kriegserinnerungen 1914-18 (1919), Ludendorff published Falschung meiner Denkschrift von 1912 (1919) ; Entgegnung auf das amtliche Weissbuch, Vorgeschichte des Waffenstillstands (3 pamphlets, 1919).
LUDLOW, JOHN MALCOLM FORBES (1821-1911), English philanthropist, was born at Nimach, India, March 8 1821, and was called to the bar in 1843. Becoming associated with Kingsley, Hughes and F. D. Maurice, he helped to found the Working-Men's College in Great Ormond Street in 1854, having previously (1850) founded and become editor of The Christian Socialist newspaper. He was secretary to the royal commission on Friendly Societies (1870-4). From 1875 to 1890 he was chief registrar of Friendly Societies. He was one of the first members and subsequently president of the Labour Co-Partnership Association. He died in London Oct. 17 1911.
LUEGER, KARL (1844-1910), burgomaster of Vienna, was born Oct. 24 1844, the son of an usher, and, studying under the greatest material difficulties, succeeded in qualifying as an advocate. He was at first a partisan of the Democratic party, then a leader of the Christian Socialists, an anti-Semite and advocate in the courts for artisans and " small men." He overthrew the German-Liberal municipal government of Vienna, and was elected burgomaster in 1895, but the Emperor did not confirm the appointment and Vienna was placed under the gov- ernment of a State commission. In the new elections Lueger allowed another member of his party to be set up as dummy burgomaster, while he himself in form became vice-burgo- master. In 1897, however, when the " people's candidate," Lueger, was again elected burgomaster, the Emperor confirmed his election and repeatedly honoured him as a loyal patriot. Lueger, who was a powerful orator, was seven times elected burgomaster. He was a zealous Catholic, and wished to " cap- ture the university " for the Church; he would have neither Social Democrats nor Pan-Germans nor Jews in the municipal administration. He secured good treatment for Czech immi- grants, and established Viennese municipal electrical stations, gasworks and tramways, independent of the English gas and tramway companies. He planned to make Vienna one of the most beautiful of garden cities. He died March 10 1910.
(C. BR.)
LUGARD, SIR FREDERICK JOHN DEALTRY (1858- ), English administrator (see 17.115), in 1912 resigned his position as governor of Hong-Kong. From 1912 to 1913 he was governor of Northern and Southern Nigeria, the two protectorates having been unified in 1912.
His wife, FLORA LOUISE SHAW, whom he married in 1902, was a well-known author and journalist. She was for some years a contributor to The Times, subsequently becoming head of the colonial section of that paper. In connexion with this work, she went as special correspondent to South Africa (1892 and 1901), and to Australia and New Zealand (1892) partly in order to study the question of Kanaka labour in the sugar plantations of Queensland. She also made two journeys to Canada (1893 and 1898), the second of which included a journey to the gold- diggings of Klondike. During the World War Lady Lugard was prominent in the founding of the War Refugees Committee, which dealt with the problem of the Belgian refugees, and also founded the Lady Lugard hospitality committee. She was in 1918 created D.B.E.
LUND, TROELS FREDERIK (1840-1921), Danish historian (see 17.123), published in 1906 De tre Nordiske Brb'drefolk and in 1909 Nye Tanker i del XVI. Aarhundrede. In 1911-2 appeared his historical tales, Tider og Tanker. He died in 1921.
LUTYENS, SIR EDWIN LANDSEER (1869- ), English architect, was born in London March 29 1869. For one who was to occupy such a commanding figure in the whole world of modern English architecture, Sir Edwin Lutyens" art owes singularly little to a training and education of the usual description. After a couple of years at the South Kensington schools he was at first placed in the office of an architect in the country, with whom he remained for the briefest possible time, passing afterwards a year with Mr. (later Sir) Ernest George. His first commission came to him at the age of 19, and, from this and his other early experiences, he has himself remarked that the best training for an architect is the building of houses. His earliest important work (1890) followed shortly after this Crooksbury to which some eight years later he made very characteristic additions, which interestingly show his development and his enlargement of the principles of Norman Shaw and Philip Webb particularly the latter as well as his growing grasp of abstract design. Amongst other strong influences on his thought and work should be counted his early association with Miss Jekyll, the gifted designer and contriver of gardens treated as an integral feature of the homestead, and playing a part of the greatest importance in its design and treatment. At "Hestercombe," a not very interesting house from another hand, Lutyens carried out his largest essay in garden-work, suggesting the finer manner of such work as was done under William III. and Anne, rather than the less elaborate and smaller methods of the Elizabethan period. His many houses in Surrey such as " Orchards " show him as carrying still further his development in the direction of individuality in his design, tempered by a reticence that has always kept his work far removed from attempts at " originality " a quality based
