MACNAUGHTAN, SARAH BROOM (1864-1916), British novelist, was born at Particle, near Glasgow, Oct. 26 1864, the sixth child of Peter Macnaughtan, secretary to the British Steam Navigation Co. She was educated at home in Glasgow, and on the death of her parents came to England, living first in Kent, and then in London. Her first novel, Selah Harrison, appeared in 1898, and it was followed by several others, the best known being The Fortune of Christina M'Nab (1901); A Lame Dog's Diary (1905) and The Expensive Miss Du Cane (1907). She travelled a good deal, and had considerable experience in army nursing, gained partly in South Africa. At the beginning of the World War she joined Mrs. St. Clair Stobart's ambulance unit, and was head orderly through the siege of Antwerp, afterwards working under fire on the Belgian front. For this she received the Order of Leopold. In 1915 she went to Russia, penetrating as far as Persia, where illness overtook her. She returned to England in May 1916 and died in London July 24.
She had published A Woman's Diary of the War (1915), and a further account of her work, edited by her niece, Mrs. Lionel Salmon, My War Experiences in Two Continents, appeared in 1919.
MACVEAGH, WAYNE (1833-1917), American lawyer and diplomatist (see 17.269), died in Washington, D.C., Jan. n 1917. After the outbreak of the World War he championed the cause of the Allies in an article, " The Impassable Chasm," contributed to the North American Review for July 1915. In his last article, " Lusitania Day: May 7 1916," published in the same magazine for June 1916, he assailed the slowness of the American Govern- ment in asserting its rights against Germany.
MACWHIRTER, JOHN (1839-1911), British landscape painter, was born at Slateford, near Edinburgh, March 27 1839. He began his art training under Robert Scott Lauder, and was elected a member of the Royal Scottish Academy in 1867, A.R.A. in 1879 and R.A. in 1893. His " June in the Austrian Tyrol " was bought in 1892 out of the Chantrey bequest. He died in London Jan. 28 1911.
MADAGASCAR (see 17.270). The total pop. was estimated in 1921 at 3,504,900, including 17,600 Europeans (of whom nine- tenths were French), 5,300 Asiatics or Africans, and 3,482,000 natives of whose origin, because of their constant migrations, little was known. The pop. of Tananarive (Antananarivo), the capital, was about 75,000. Madagascar is divided for purposes of administration into 23 provinces and 2 autonomous districts. Colonization takes place under the system of Government land concessions, limited to 10,000 hectares each and held under grant from the governor-general either free or subject to certain payments. The free concessions are reserved for French citizens, but land and forests near the railway connecting Tananarivo with the east coast can only be conceded by auction.
Tananarivo is connected with Tamatave, the chief port, by a railway 230 m. long, and another railway 100 m. in length runs from Tananarivo to Antisarabe, a watering-place.
Rice cultivation has greatly extended in consequence of improved means of transport, which made possible the establishment of large mills: the export in 1919 was 21,000 tons, valued at 1 2, 436,000 francs. 14,886 tons of manioc, valued at 8,608,000 fr., were exported, for arrowroot. Mangrove bark, used for tanning, is obtained in the for- ests, which cover ten to twelve million hectares. The frozen meat industry developed considerably during the World War; the export in 1919 amounted to 22,083 tons, valued at 66,131,000 francs. There were in 1921 eight million head of cattle, of which 420,000 were destined for slaughter. Six factories had been installed and the prospects of the industry were extremely favourable.
Coal occurs in four principal seams, one of which is 15 ft. thick. Heavy oils are obtained at great depths. The exploitation of graphite, which occurs in a stretch of country 750 m. in length, developed rapidly during the war, 27,838 tons being produced in 1917. Uraniferous and other radioactive ores also occur.
The total commerce of Madagascar, which in 1896 was about 175 million fr., was in 1919 276,140,327 fr., of which imports repre- sented 98,972,737 fr. and exports 177,167,590 fr. ; trade with France, the United Kingdom and British colonies was as follows :
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France . United Kingdom British Colonies
Imports fr.
40,736,379 12,215,181 27,227,962
Exports
fr.
51,682,000 5,113,000 4.139,771
REUNION (see 23.206), although nominally a dependency of Madagascar, is in effect a department of France. The cultivation of sugar, which is the chief industry, continued to develop, the annual export being between 30,000 and 40,000 tons, along with 35.000 to 40,000 hectolitres of rum. The production of vanilla also made progress. The general trade in 1918 amounted to 60,582,000 fr. (of which 16,592,000 were imports), showing an increase of 11,797,000 fr. over the previous year and an excess of 17,642,000 fr. over the average for the five years 19137.
MADERO, FRANCISCO INDALEGIO (1873-1913), Mexican president, was the son of Evaristo Madero, governor of Coahuila under Diaz and a large property owner of Jewish extraction. He was born on the family estate, Rosario, at Parras, Coahuila, Oct. 18 1873. His youth was employed in managing the family properties. During part of 1893 he attended the university of California. By 1903 he was known for independent political views, and in 1905 opposed the Diaz candidate for state governor. In 1908 he began his opposition to the reelection of Diaz in 1910, writing La sucesion presidential en 1910, which went to three editions. In 1909 he headed the anti-reelectionist party as candidate for the presidency. His vigorous campaign was ignored by Diaz until June 1910, when he was arrested at Monterrey for seditious utterances at San Luis Potosi and incarcerated until after the election of Diaz. Being released on bail July 20, he escaped Oct. 7 to San Antonio, Texas, where he issued the Plan de San Luis Potosi, dated Oct. 5. It was then evident that the Diaz election had been legally affirmed. The revolutionists in San Antonio voted Nov. 6 to begin armed revolts simulta- neously throughout Mexico. Disturbances began prematurely, and Madero, threatened with arrest for violation of neutrality, crossed into Chihuahua and headed the movement begun by Pascual Orozco and others. The revolutionists took Ciudad Juarez early in May, ending the prestige of Diaz, who resigned under pressure May 25. Madero entered Mexico City in triumph June 7. During the ad-interim presidency of Francisco de la Barra he was elected President in Oct. and inaugurated Nov. 6 for a term to end Nov. 30 1916. His rule was marked by vision- ary schemes which provoked party dissensions. Revolts caused strained relations with the United States. The revolutionary programme did not become law. Felix Diaz, nephew of Porfirio Diaz, revolted, but was captured in Oct. 1912. General Bernardo Reyes, ex-governor of Nuevo Leon, had previously been captured in the United States and given over to Mexico. Both were confined in the capital, but they were released Feb. 9 1913 by a rising of military cadets. Government troops joined them, be- sieging the national palace for 10 days. Then Huerta, command- ing Madero's troops, deserted him, and forced the President and vice-president, Jose Pino Suarez, to resign Feb. 18. Although promised personal safety, they were killed on the night of Feb. 22 while being removed from the national palace to the Peniten- ciaria. In Nov. 1920 Francisco Cardenas, the alleged assassin, committed suicide in Guatemala while under arrest for extradi- tion demanded by the Mexican Government for the crime.
MAETERLINCK, MAURICE (1862- ), Belgian dramatist and poet (see 17.298), produced his most popular work, L'Oiseau bleu, in 1911. It was first performed in Moscow, then in London as The Blue Bird, and later in Paris and New York. Mary Magdalene appeared in 1910, and in 1913 La Mart de Tintagiles was acted in London. During the World War he published a volume of essays, Les Debris de la Guerre (1916), and in 1919 appeared Les Sentiers dans la Montagne and two plays, Le Miracle de St. Antoine and Le Bourgmeslre de Stilmonde. In 1921 his play The Betrothal, originally published in 1918, was produced in London, with special settings designed by Charles Ricketts.
MAGAZINES: see NEWSPAPERS.
MAGAZINES AND SHELL STORES. In the following article an account is given of the storage of explosive ammunition in arsenal conditions, in fortresses, and in field warfare, from the point of view of safety and condition. Administration and working are discussed under SUPPLY AND TRANSPORT, and questions of site under BARRACKS AND HUTMENTS and TRAINING CAMPS. A "magazine" is a building or buildings with passages leading thereto in which are stored explosives in bulk. A magazine
