nized. The highest grade is known as " certified " and is pro- duced and marketed under very strict hygienic conditions. The price of production under these conditions is so high as to be out of reach of the general public, and three other grades of milk are recognized, Grade A, Grade B and Grade C. Grade A contains not more than 60,000 bacteria per c.c. ; Grade B not more than 200,000 per c.c. ; Grade C has no bacterial stand- ard, but must be delivered within 48 hours of milking.
As the result of the grading of milk, very elaborate arrangements exist in America for rapid transit, efficient storage and hygienic manipulation, and it is certain that milk reaches the American consumer in a far cleaner condition than it does the English consumer.
There is undoubtedly need in England for more efficient regulation and control of milk from the dairy to the consumer's table, but much can be done by the observation of simple hygienic rules in the cow- shed or milk-shed. Fifty per cent of the bacterial contamination of milk occurs before it leaves the farmer's hands; the elimination of most of this 50% is a comparatively inexpensive matter. There is but little doubt that the bacterial count forms a very reliable indi- cation of the care with which milk is produced and marketed, but, under present conditions, it unfortunately does not distinguish between the beneficial and the dangerous types of bacteria. It is consequently a matter of comfort to all, and a source of material satisfaction to many, that pasteurization kills all the bacteria in milk likely to prove harmful to the consumer. (E. T. H.)
MILL, HUGH ROBERT (1861- ), British geographer and meteorologist, was born at Thurso May 28 1861, and was educated at Edinburgh University. In 1884 he was appointed chemist and physicist to the Scottish marine station, and in 1887 became a lecturer for the university extension movement, being at the same time (1893-9) recorder of the geographical section of the British Association. He was president of this section in 1901. In 1892 he succeeded Dr. John Scott Keltic as librarian to the Royal Geographical Society and from 1902 to 1906 was hon. secretary of the Royal Meteorological Society, becoming its president in 1907. Dr. Mill served on many committees con- nected with meteorology and allied subjects, including the Inter- national Council for the study of the sea (1901-8), and the Board of Trade committee on the water power of the British Isles (1918). On the death of Mr. G. J. Symons he became (1901) director of the British Rainfall Organization, and editor of British Rainfall and Symons' s Meteorological Magazine, and when the organization was converted into a trust in 1910 he became chairman of trustees, a position from which he retired in 1919. From 1906 to 1919 he was rainfall expert to the Metropolitan Water Board. Dr. Mill received many honours from learned societies, including the Victoria medal of the Royal Geographical Society (1915), and the Symons medal of the Meteorological Society (1918).
His chief works are The Realm of Nature (1892; latest ed. 1913); The English Lakes (1895) ; Hints on the Choice of Geographical Books (1897) ; New Lands (1900) ; The Siege of the South Pole (1905) and a historical introduction to Sir Ernest Shackleton's Heart of the Ant- arctic (1909). He also edited International Geography (1911).
MILLER, JOAQUIN (1841-1913), American poet (see 18.464), died at Oakland, Cal., Feb. 17 1913.
MILLERAND, ALEXANDRE (1859- ), French statesman, (see 18.465), was included in the Briand Ministry of July 1909 with the portfolio of Public Works, and in the Poincare Ministry of Jan. 1912 he became Minister of War. He resumed this port- folio when, immediately after the outbreak of war in 1914, the Prime Minister, Viviani, desired to strengthen his team. He was Minister of War during the most difficult period when, after the first battle of the Marne, the Government had to have recourse to all sorts of improvisations in order to make good the deficiencies revealed in the country's military equipment. His administration was severely criticised by Clemenceau on account of the muddle and mismanagement which ruled the army medical services. He was also criticised with some vehemence for the delays in producing the right kind of shell and gun in adequate quantities. His extremely dogged character enabled him to with- stand the many parliamentary attacks made upon his political position, and his departure from the War Office only took place when Delcasse's resignation brought about that of the whole Viviani Ministry in 1915. For the rest of the war he devoted himself to relief work, and went back to his very large practice at the bar. After the Armistice M. Clemenceau appointed him to the posts of Commissioner-General of the Republic at Strasbourg and Administrator of Alsace-Lorraine. These posts he filled with great distinction and ability. In the elections of 1919 he played the chief part in constituting the national bloc with which the moderate parties successfully fought the elections. When Clemenceau resigned Millerand formed the new Govern- ment. He was called upon to play a big part in the protracted inter- Allied negotiations with regard to the application of the Treaty of Versailles. His political prestige grew steadily during office, and when M. Deschanel was forced to resign the presidency of the republic he succeeded him as President, being elected by 695 votes out of 892 on Sept. 23 1920.
MILLET, FRANCIS DAVIS (1846-1912), American painter (see 18.466), died in the " Titanic " disaster at sea April 15 1912.
MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832-1911), American legislator (see 18.475), died at Corsicana, Tex., Sept. 2 1911.
MILNE, SIR GEORGE FREDERICK (1866- ), British general, was born Nov. 5 1866 and joined the Royal Artillery in 1885. He served in the Nile Expedition of 1898, and on the staff in S. Africa throughout the war of 1890-1902, for which he was promoted brevet lieutenant-colonel and given the D.S.O. He was afterwards almost continuously on the staff until 1913, and was promoted colonel in 1905. In 1913 he became commander of the artillery of the 4th Div., with which he went out to France in 1914. He was soon promoted major-general for distinguished service, and after some months on the staff on the western front was given, in July 1915, command of the 27th Div. which, three months later, he took out to the Salonika theatre. At the end of the year he was placed in charge of an army corps there. In May 1916 Milne, who had been given the K.C.B. for his services, was advanced to the command of the British forces in Macedonia, and he occupied this responsible position under the orders of three successive French commanders-in-chief until the end of the struggle. Little progress was made during the ensuing two years, the situation scarcely lending itself to the prosecution of effectual offensive operations, and the British military authorities at home being throughout opposed to the using-up of resources in this theatre. Milne, however, filled a difficult position with unfailing tact and sound judgment, and, when a general advance at last took place in the autumn of 1918 after Bulgarian powers of resistance had become spent, the forces under his personal command contributed appreciably to the bringing about of the final victory. He had been promoted lieutenant-general in 1917 and he was, on conclusion of hostilities, given the G.C.M.G. He remained in charge of the British forces in the Near East and about the Black Sea until 1920, and his services received further recognition in 1919 by his being promoted full general.
MILNE, JOHN (1850-1913), British seismologist and mining engineer, was born at Liverpool Dec. 30 1850, and was educated at King's College, London, afterwards studying at the Royal School of Mines. He then worked as a mining engineer in Newfoundland and Labrador, and in 1874 went as geologist with Dr. Beke's expedition to north-western Arabia. In 1875 he was appointed professor of geology and mining in the Imperial Engineering College at Tokyo, and for nearly 20 years made his home in Japan, marrying a Japanese lady. Prof. Milne made a special study of seismology (see 8.817, 819, 820), and was recognized as the first authority on the subject. He travelled widely in the East in pursuit of his researches, and about 1880 established the seismic survey of Japan, with 968 stations. He also invented or perfected various forms of seismograph. In 1894 his books and instruments were destroyed by fire, and he returned to England, settling at Shide, I. of Wight, where he established an observing station. During the ensuing years he was largely responsible for the establishment of seismological stations throughout the world, in connexion with his work as secretary of the seismological committee of the British Association. He published two standard works, Earthquakes (1883) and Seismology (1898), besides books on scientific mining and crystallography and many papers in scientific journals. He died at Shide July 30 1913.
