Belgrade. In Berlin he was not received by the Imperial Chancel- lor, Prince Billow; in London he was given friendly but dis- couraging advice by Sir Edward Grey, and on his return devoted his whole influence to restraining the war fever and sweetening the pill of Serbia's inevitable surrender to Austria-Hungary and her German ally " in shining armour. " In 1910 he suc- ceeded Pasic as Premier, and, being less of a party man than his old Radical colleagues, was able to bridge many gaps, and to acquire within a short space of time an unique position among the politicians of Serbia. Even in foreign politics he showed signal moderation, and though a confirmed Russophil, initiated negotiations for a commercial treaty with Austria-Hungary and actively favoured good relations with Turkey. Indeed the Balkan League, of which he was one of the chief founders, was originally conceived by him on much wider lines than events forced it to assume: the adhesion of Turkey and Rumania as well as the Slavonic States and Greece was to have given the League as a whole such a standing in Europe as would have ren- dered it immune from foreign dictation and interference. The decisive step towards the creation of the League was taken at a meeting between Milovanovic and the Bulgarian Premier, Gesov, on Oct. n 1911. Secret negotiations continued through- out the winter and led to the conclusion of the Serbo-Bulgarian Treaty of March 13 1912 (see SERBIA). Discussions were still pending between the various Balkan capitals for a more precise and comprehensive project of alliance when, on July I 1912, Dr. Milovanovic died suddenly of heart failure, in his soth year. His removal at so critical a juncture was a grave blow to the cause of peace and moderation, and also deprived Serbia of her ablest statesman since the death of Prince Michael. Dr. Milo- vanovic was married to a Rumanian lady, but left no family. He was the author of various books on law and politics and of a diplomatic study on the partitions of Poland.
MILYUKOV, PAUL NIKOLAYEVICH (1859- ), Russian politician and historian, was born in 1859. He studied history and humanities at the university of Moscow, was expelled for taking part in students' riots, but was readmitted and allowed to take his degree. He specialized in the study of Russian his- tory and received the degree of Master in History for a learned work on the Stale Economics of Russia in the First Quarter of the 18th Century." He lectured with great success at the university and at a training institute for girl teachers; these lectures were afterwards expanded by him in his book Outlines of Rus- sian Culture (3 vols., translated into German). He also started an association for " home university reading," and, as its first president, edited the first volume of its programme, which was widely read in Russian intellectual circles. His liberal opinions brought him into conflict with the educational authorities, and he was dismissed in 1894 after one of the ever-recurrent univer- sity " riots." He was even imprisoned for some time as a political agitator. When liberated he went to Bulgaria, and was ap- pointed professor in the university of Sofia, where he lectured in Bulgarian with great success. He delivered also interesting courses of lectures in the United States at summer sessions in Chicago and later on the Lowell lectures in Boston. Russia and Its Crisis presents a condensed report of one of these courses.
In 1905 the meetings of the Zemstvos which gave expression to the public indignation against the Government brought him back to Russia. He became the political editor of an important liberal paper, the Retch, and took an active part in the forma- tion of the Constitutional Democratic party (Cadets), which aimed at political freedom and at a constitution on advanced democratic lines, based on universal suffrage. Milyukov became the leader of that party and had a great influence on the course of events in 1906, although he was not elected a member either of the first or of the second Duma. When the Tsar dissolved the first Duma he was one of the principal prompters of the " Viborg Manifesto," in which the members of the assembly declared themselves ready to follow the people in resisting arbi- trary rule. This ill-conceived pronouncement ended in com- plete fiasco, and disqualified its signatories from participation in political elections. Milyukov had not signed as he was not a member of the Duma, and remained free from the persecution which set in with the Stolypin reaction. He was elected to the third and the fourth Duma, and played the part of a leader of the opposition, systematically criticising the policy of the Government and the attempts at compromise on the part of the Octobrists. In the fourth Duma, however, he was in favour of a progressive block, in which liberal Octobrists took a share, as this rendered the action of the Duma more effective. When the World War broke out he stood squarely for a policy of national union and active cooperation with the Entente, but the inepti- tude and corruption of the War Office and of the Court drove him into an attitude of increasing hostility. On Nov. i 1916 he delivered in the Duma a famous speech in which he asked pointedly, in connection with Sturmer's muddle: " Is it stu- pidity or is it treason? " His conduct at that time was char- acteristic of the state of mind of advanced Liberals they were so disgusted at the misgovernment of the Sturmers, Protopopovs and Galitzins that they were unable and unwilling to make a stand against the growing discontent of the masses. They thought and said: " We must win the war, but it is impossible to win the war with these people at the head."
When the revolt of the troops broke the back of the old regime Milyukov took office in Prince Lvov's Provisional Govern- ment as Minister of Foreign Affairs. In a speech delivered to a revolutionary mob in the Taurida Palace he proclaimed his preference for a constitutional monarchy. His hope was that Nicholas II. would abdicate in favour of his son and the Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich would consent to act as Regent for his nephew. This plan came to nothing on account of the unwillingness of Nicholas II. to part with his son. Milyukov strongly disapproved of Kerensky's policy and of the demagogic weakness of the parties in power the social revolutionaries and Mensheviks. He would have hailed a restoration of dis- cipline in the army and an energetic resumption of the war on the side of the Allies, but there was no basis for such a recon- struction at a time of revolutionary intoxication. When the Bolsheviks seized power he escaped to Kiev and lived there for some time under the rule of Skoropadsky, the German-appointed Hetman of the Ukraine. In this atmosphere, saturated by Ger- man influence, he gave up the cause of the Allies as lost, and began to speculate on the possibility of rebuilding the Russian State with the help of the Kaiser. He had conversations on the subject with von Munn, the German envoy in Kiev, and advised his fellow Cadets in the same sense. The majority of the latter were, however, firmly opposed to any pact with the arch-enemy of Russia, and the turnover on the western front put an end to these plans. After the Armistice Milyukov went to London and subsequently to Paris, where in 1921 he was directing a journal (Last News) in which he advocated an al- liance with patriotic Socialists. (P. Vi.)
MINCHIN, EDWARD ALFRED (1866-1915), English biologist, was born at Weston-super-Mare in 1866, and educated at Westward-Ho and Keble College, Oxford. He became a fellow of Merton College in 1893, and Radcliffe travelling fellow the same year. From 1890 to 1899 he was demonstrator of comparative anatomy at Oxford, and from 1899 to 1906 he held a similar chair at University College, London, being next elected professor of proto-zoology to the university of London. He published several works on the protozoa, especially sponges (see 25.716), and translated Butschli's Protoplasm in 1894. He died at Selsey, Sussex, Sept. 30 1915.
MINERALOGY (see 18.509). — During the war period of 1914-8
much attention was given in all countries to the development of
home resources of various minerals of economic value, and to
meet new circumstances new sources of supply were developed.
Further, there was an increased demand for certain kinds of
minerals, for example those which yield the rarer metals used in the
hardening of steel. Much of the mineralogical literature of the
period has therefore been of an economic character, e.g. a long
series of “Special Reports on the Mineral Resources of Great
Britain” has been issued by the Geological Survey; and many
recent text-books give prominence to the practical uses of
