in authority on music was steadily rising, and in 1895 he was elected Slade professor of Fine Arts at Oxford, a post which he held until 1904. His chief works on music are a new edition of Chappel’s Popular Music of the Olden Time, which appeared under the title Old English Popular Music (1893) and The Polyphonic Period, parts I. and II. (vols. i. and ii. of the Oxford History of Music, 1901–5). He died in London on Feb. 13 1917.
WOOLWORTH, FRANK WINFIELD (1852–1919), American merchant, was born near Rodman, N.Y., April 13 1852. He was reared on a farm, studied in the public schools, and graduated from a business college at Watertown, N.Y., in 1872. He began his career as a clerk in Watertown, and it is said that a bargain counter in his employer’s store first suggested to him the idea that resulted in the establishment of the long chain of “five and ten cent” stores that bear his name. Early in 1879 he opened at Utica, N.Y., his first “five cent” store which, however, was a failure. Later in the same year he established a similar store at Lancaster, Pa., followed by another at Harrisburg. The chain in 1920 was composed of about 987 “five and ten cent” stores in the United States, 94 in Canada, and 81 in England. When the F. W. Woolworth Co. was incorporated in New York in Dec. 1911 he became president. In 1912 the Woolworth building in New York City, costing $13,000,000, was completed from the designs of Cass Gilbert. It is 760 ft. high, has 57 storeys, and, excepting the Eiffel Tower in Paris, is the tallest building in the world. The gross sales of the company in 1920 amounted to $140,918,981 and the net profits $9,775,251, as compared with $119,496,107 and $10,361,557 respectively in 1919. Woolworth died at Glen Cove, L.I., April 8 1919, leaving an estate appraised at $27,000,000.
WORDSWORTH, ELIZABETH (1840–), English educationalist, was born at Harrow June 22 1840, the eldest daughter of Christopher Wordsworth, afterwards Bishop of Lincoln, and hence a great-niece of the poet. She was educated at home and lived a home life until in 1879 Lady Margaret Hall was founded at Oxford, largely owing to Miss Wordsworth’s energy and organizing capacity, and she became its first principal. Her social gifts and powers of clever conversation made her aprominent figure in Oxford life. She retired from her post at Lady Margaret Hall in 1909, but continued to live in Oxford
and to be an active member of its council. In Oct. 1921 the university of Oxford conferred upon her an hon. M.A. degree. Miss Wordsworth contributed many charming tales to Aunt Judy’s Magazine, edited by Mrs. Gatty (see 11.530), and also published various devotional books and volumes of verse and essays. In collaboration with J. Overton, she published in 1888 the Life of Christopher Wordsworth.
WORDSWORTH, JOHN (1843–1911), English divine and scholar, was born at Harrow Sept. 21 1843, the son of Christopher Wordsworth, afterwards Bishop of Lincoln, and grand-nephew of the poet. He was educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford, where he had a distinguished career, and after a short
period as a master at Wellington College was elected a fellow of Brasenose and took orders (1867). He became widely known both as a Latin scholar and as a theologian, being elected Bampton lecturer in 1881 and Ireland professor of exegesis in 1883. In 1883 he became a canon of Rochester and in 1885 Bishop of Salisbury. His works include Fragments and Specimens of Early Latin (1874); Old Latin Biblical Texts (1883 and 1886), vol. ii.,in conjunction with Dr. Sanday and Rev. H. J. White; The Episcopate of Charles Wordsworth (1898); Teaching of the Church of England for Information of Eastern Christians (1900); The Invocation of Saints and the 22nd Article (2nd ed. 1910). He died at Salisbury Aug. 16 1911.
WORLD WAR, THE.—The military history of the World War
is told in these New Volumes in separate articles dealing with
campaigns and battles; and a general account of the war at sea is
given in the article Naval Operations (supplemented by separate articles on the tattles of Jutland, Dogger Bank, Coronel,
Heligoland Bight, Falkland Islands, Zeebrugge, and on the Goeben and Breslau affair, together with those under the headings of Submarine Campaigns, Blockade, Minesweeping and Minelaying and Convoy). As regards the land operations, reference to the separate headings under which the military history is narrated may best be made here by a brief resume of the course of the war.
The war opened simultaneously on three fronts in Aug. 1914. These fronts were the western, the eastern and the Serbian, and the continuous story of the major operations on these fronts will be found under the respective headings: Western European Front Campaigns, Eastern European Front Campaigns and Serbian Campaigns, together with Salonika Campaigns. In the west the German invasion of Belgium and France was marked by the five-fold battle of the Frontiers (q.v.) in Alsace, Lorraine, Ardennes, at Charleroi and at Mons by the sieges of Liége, Namur and Maubeuge (q.q.v.), and by the battle of Guise (q.v.). Its culmination in the battles of Sept. 4–20 is told in detail under the heading Marne; and the development of the northern flanks of the opposed armies towards the sea, at the same time as Antwerp (q.v.) fell to the Germans, is dealt with under the headings Artois (part I.), and Ypres and the Yser (part I.).
On the eastern front the Russian invasion of East Prussia, with its battles of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes, is dealt with in detail under the heading Masuria, Battles in (parts I., II.), while the main conflict between the Russian and Austrian offensive efforts in Galicia and Poland during August and early September is described under Lemberg (part I.). The subsequent united efforts of the Austrian and German armies in Poland and Galicia to stem the onset of the “steam-roller” may be divided into periods characterized by the battle names Vistula-San (q.v.), and Lodz-Cracow (q.v.). The first siege of Przemysl will be found under that heading. The three Austrian invasions of Serbia are described in the general article for that front, mentioned above.
The year 1915, a year of stabilization on the western front, was one of open warfare on the eastern. Beginning with the battle of the Carpathians (q.v.) and the second siege of Przemysl (q.v.) on the one flank, and the “Winter Battle” of Masuria (see Masuria, Battles in, part III.) on the other, the operations, after a pause, took shape as a general Austro-German offensive from May 1. The right half of this offensive preceded the left by two months, and its successive episodes are marked by the battles of Gorlice-Tarnov and the San (see Dunajec-San and Przemysl), the battles of Grodek, Lemberg and Stryi (see Lemberg, part II.), and by the later episode of Rovno (q.v.). At a certain stage in the development of these operations, their left wing becomes one branch of a double-envelopment aimed at the rear of the Russian centre in West Poland; this branch is the campaign from the Tanev river against Brest Litovsk (q.v.), while the other is the offensive of the “Gallwitz army” from Przasnysz, across the Narew into the interior of the corridor followed by the Russians in their retreat (see Narew, Battles of the). The final efforts of the Germans to isolate the retreating Russians, which ended in ill-success and in the formation of a stable trench-line, as in the W., are dealt with in the general military narrative of operations on the eastern front, named above.
In the E. the entry of Turkey into the war led to the expedition against the Dardanelles (q.v.), and to the renewal of the offensive of the Central Powers against Serbia in the autumn of 1915 (see Serbian Campaigns), which closed with the conquest of Serbia on the one side, and the creation of a new minor front at Salonika on the other (see Salonika Campaigns). The campaigns in Asia Minor are dealt with under the general heading Turkish Campaigns, of which the several sections describe the operations which took place in the Caucasus, in Mesopotamia and in Sinai and Syria.
In the W. the years 1915, 1916, 1917 are essentially the “trench-warfare” period. The battles of Ypres in 1915 (see Ypres and the Yser, part II.), of Neuve Chapelle, Carency, Souchez and Loos (see Artois, Battles in, part II.) respectively, the minor offensive of Crouy, the winter battle in Champagne (see Champagne, parts I., II.), and the trench-warfare fighting in Argonne (q.v.) and Woëvre (q.v.) , culminated in the great French
