YACHTING: see SPORTS AND GAMES.
YALE UNIVERSITY (see 28.899*). In 1919 President A. T. Hadley announced his decision to resign the presi- dency of Yale at the close of the university year; and on June 22 1921 his successor, James Rowland Angell, was inaugurated. Developments in 1910-20 were marked in many respects. The university's endowment increased from $11,967,166.29 to $24,048,730.45. The university began to be the beneficiary under the will of the late John W. Sterling of New York City, a graduate of Yale College, of about $20,000,000, held by trustees for the university under his bequest. The money was to be used for memorial buildings and devoted " to some extent to the foundation of Scholarships, Fellowships or Lecture- ships, the endowment of new Professorships and the establish- ment of special funds for prizes." At the same time the univer- sity's property holdings were augmented, and several important buildings constructed, including the Osborn Memorial Labor- atories, the Sloane Physics Laboratory, the Dunham Laboratory of Electrical Engineering, the Mason Laboratory of Mechanical Engineering, Sprague Memorial Hall (Music), the Brady Memo- rial Laboratory (Pathology), Artillery Hall and the Artillery Armoury, and the magnificent Memorial Quadrangle, the gift of Mrs. Stephen V. Harkness, of New York City. This quad- rangle includes seven courtyards in collegiate Gothic, designed by James Gamble Rogers of New York City, and erected at a cost of several million dollars. It is recognized as one of the most perfect groups of modern Gothic buildings in the world.
The number of students in 1920 who were candidates for a degree was 3,214, practically the same as ten years earlier. Edu- cationally the university underwent a thorough reorganization in its administrative and educational system to meet modern conditions. The medical school was allied to the New Haven hospital and placed on full-time basis; the law school introduced the requirement of a college degree for entrance, except for Academic Seniors; the undergraduates' courses in the Sheffield Scientific School were placed on a four-year basis; and the higher engineering degrees were transferred from the scientific school to the graduate school. Several new university officers were ap- pointed, including a Provost, who represented the Faculties before the Corporation and assisted the President in the educa- tional administration of the university; the Dean of Students, who was primarily concerned with student moral; and a Dean of Freshmen, who had under his jurisdiction all undergraduate freshmen. These were formed into what is called the Freshmen Year, at the close of which undergraduates pursued three years of study in the Sheffield Scientific School leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science, or three years of study in the college leading to the degree of Bachelor of Arts, or in the case of students without Latin, Bachelor of Philosophy. The admission of all students was centralized in a Board of Admissions, under a chairman appointed by the Yale Corporation.
In connexion with the literary activities of the university the Yale University Press was started in 1908, by Mr. George Parmly Day, the treasurer of the university, under an agreement with the university by which all books published and bearing the Yale name must receive approval in advance by the Yale University Council's Committee on Publications. The Press was affiliated with the Oxford University Press, and became an important publishing agency in America for works of a literary and scholarly character. The number of books published in 1919 was seventy-eight. The number of books sold was 184,145. The Yale Review was transformed in 1911 into a quarterly review under the editorship of Wilbur L. Cross, Dean of the Yale Gradu- ate School, and it is recognized as one of the most representative organs of sober thought in America.
Eight thousand Yale men, including graduates, former stu- dents and students, entered the military and naval services of the United States during the World War. The university had the most important artillery school in the country outside of Fort Sill and Camp Zachary Taylor. It also had one of the largest naval training units, and was the centre of the scientific work of the chemical warfare service. It was also the seat of the leading army laboratory school. Two hundred and twenty-five Yale men lost their lives in the service of their country. A memorial has been dedicated in their honour. (A. P. S.)
YAMAGATA, ARITOMO, PRINCE (1838-1922), Japanese field-marshal (see 28.902), died in Odawara, Japan, Feb. 1 1922.
YANUSHKEVICH, NIKOLAI (1868- ), Russian general,
was born in 1868 and entered the army in 1888. He passed
through the academy of the general staff, and was appointed on the general staff. By 1909 he had reached the rank of general,
but all his service was spent in the offices of the War Ministry,
out of contact with troops. Very strict as a bureaucrat, he
earned the special favour of the War Minister, Sukhomlinov, and,
though he was quite untrained in the leading of troops in modern
warfare (at the academy of the general staff he had taken an
administrative course), he was, thanks to his even temper and
enterprise, quickly promoted to the higher posts. Just before
the World War he was appointed head of the general staff. Un-
able to introduce improvements, he limited himself merely to
formal direction, which toned in well with the regime which the
careless War Minister, Sukhomlinov, had established. With the
declaration of war Yanushkevich, as head of the general staff,
became the head of the staff of the supreme commander-in-chief.
But at the commencement of operations, feeling himself com-
pletely unprepared for leadership on active service, he withdrew
and left the work in the hands of his subordinates.
YARMOUTH (GREAT YARMOUTH), Norfolk, England (see
28.905). The pop. had increased from 55,905 in 1911 to 60,710 in 1921. A new art school was opened in July 1913, and the esplanade was extended northward by about } m.; in 1921 a town-planning scheme of a very comprehensive nature was in course of preparation. Yarmouth was subjected to zeppelin and other aircraft raids on Jan 19 1915, April 24 1916, and Jan. 14 1918, and was bombarded from the sea on two occasions (Nov. 3 1914 and Jan. 26 1915); the material damage was slight.
YEATS, WILLIAM BUTLER (1865- ), Irish author (see
28.909). In 1911, after the death of his friend J. M. Synge, Yeats wrote the essay Synge and the Ireland of his Time. His fervent Irish nationalism had been tried somewhat during his encounter with a section of the Irish public at the time of the Playboy disturbances in the Abbey theatre, and was further tried when the Dublin corporation refused a building for Sir Hugh Lane's collection of pictures. These affairs suggested to him a good deal of topical verse, especially in the most important of his later volumes, Responsibilities (Cuala Press, 1914). The volume includes the lines, familiar now in Ireland, " Romantic Ireland's dead and gone "; and as if to dwell a little longer in the Ireland of his earlier years, he wrote an account of these in Reveries over Childhood and Youth (1915). In his poetical work, from this period, he seemed to write with Synge's ideal of the poet in his mind, as one who " uses the whole of his personal life as his material." T/te Wild Swans at Coole (1917) marks the beginning of his preoccupation with the special doctrines expounded (1918) in Per Arnica Silentia Lunae, a little prose treatise which the reader who wishes to understand Mr. Yeats' later work must study. Some of the poems in Michael Robartes and the Dancer (1920) are concerned with the events of 1916 in Ireland (the volume contains a sort of palinode to " Romantic Ireland's dead and gone "), but the author had become more and more a poet of esoteric doctrine. In literature and on the platform he had become a champion of belief in survival after death, a subject which interested him chiefly because of the possibility it offered of necromancy and "magic." "I have always," he says, "sought to bring my mind close to the mind of Indian and Japanese poets, old women in Connaught, mediums in Soho."
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