For some years preceding 1914 efforts had been made to reconcile the natives to German rule. This process began in the schools, where the children were taught to sing the German national anthem and to wave German flags; the teaching of English formerly common in the mission schools was abandoned. But the emigration of natives to the Gold Coast, which had resulted from the harsh methods of Herr W. Horn (governor 1902-5) and other officials was still marked in 1913, while on the east there was a similar attraction to Dahomey. Herr Horn had been dismissed for misconduct; his successor, Count J. von Zech, was more conciliatory to the natives and gave much attention to the development of railways and trade. In 1912 Germany made a departure in its colonial appointments by sending out as governor a member of one of the reigning families, Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg, who was known as leader of an expedition which had crossed Africa. The duke was on leave when the World War broke out. He had, however, seen the linking up of Togoland to Germany by submarine cable (Jan. 1913), the extension of agriculture and an expansion of exports.
Maj. von Doring, the acting governor, had the advantage in the critical days of July igr4 of direct communication with Berlin by a wireless station at Kamina, which had just been erected. He made preparations to invade Dahomey, on the assumption that Great Britain would not enter the war. When this supposition was proved to be wrong Maj. von Doring received instructions from Berlin to propose that Togoland and the adjacent French and British colonies should remain neutral. The offer was made to the local authorities concerned but was rejected, in the case of the British by order of the Colonial secretary in London. The chief concern of Berlin in regard to Togoland was to preserve the use of the Kamina wireless station, through which they could communicate with all the other German colonies in Africa, and when the neutrality offer failed, orders were issued for the defence of Kamina. Von Doring made no attempt to defend the coast region: Senegalese Tirailleurs from Dahomey under Capt. A. Castaing occupied Little Popo (Anecho) on Aug. 6 and Togo on Aug. 8. Meanwhile an officer, Capt. E. B. Barker, had been sent under a flag of truce by the acting governor of the Gold Coast to Lome on Aug. 6 to demand the surrender of Togoland to the British. Twenty-four hours' delay was given; on Capt. Barker's return on the yth he found that the German troops and Maj. von Doring had retired and that the official left behind had instructions to surrender the colony is far as a line drawn 120 km. N. of Lome. The next day co- Dperation between the French and British forces was arranged | and the chief command given to Capt. F. C. Bryant, senior officer sn the spot on the Gold Coast. 1
Capt. (tempt. Lt.-Col.) Bryant reached Lome, by sea, with two companies of the Gold Coast Regt., on Aug. 12 a total itrength of 57 Europeans and 535 natives with 2,000 carriers. He marched N. along the railway towards Kamina, being joined )y Capt. Castaing's French contingent (three Europeans and 155 natives) on Aug. 18. The enemy had blown up the railway >ridge over the Chra river and strongly entrenched a position n dense bush N. of the stream. This position was attacked on Vug. 22, but was not carried. The German force consisted of 60 Europeans and 400 native soldiers, and they had three machine-
- uns which were used to good purpose. The German losses were
light, the Allies' casualties were 73 (including 23 killed) or 17% if the force engaged. During the night the Germans evacuated heir position and fell back on Kamina. Maj. von Doring had irobably learned that a separate French column from Dahomey /as within two days' march of Kamina and that a second British olumn was also approaching that place from the west. While -ol. Bryant was preparing to attack Kamina, the Germans, on he night of Aug. 24-5, blew up the wireless station and o^Aug. I 6 after vain efforts to obtain terms, von Doring surrendered ! nconditionally. There were found to be 206 Europeans in Lamina. In the previous fighting five Germans had been killed
1 It may be noted that the Colonial Office attempted to direct the lovement of troops on the Gold Coast from London. Capt. Bryant, owever, " did not see fit " to modify his plan of operations.
and 32 taken prisoner. Thus southern Togoland was in the hands of the Allies; in the northern part Yendi surrendered to a British force of one officer and eight men on Aug. 18, while a French column of 630 rifles under Capt. Bouchez, coming from Upper Senegal, covered 310 m. in 20 days in the height of the rainy season and occupied Sansanne Mango and the rest of Togoland with little opposition. Many of the German native troops de- serted to the French. Some 200,000 rounds of soft-nosed bullets issued by the German authorities were captured. The conquest of Togoland a region the size of Ireland was notable not only for its rapidity and neatness of execution, but for the fact that the operations were conducted entirely by the local authorities and by the troops on the spot when the war began in this respect the little campaign was unique. After the conquest the country was divided for administrative purposes into British and French zones, the British occupying the western part, including Lome. The natives settled down rapidly under their new masters.
By decision of the Supreme Council May 7 1919, the mandate to administer Togoland was given to Great Britain and France. An agreement of July 10 1919 divided the country into areas to be administered by Britain and France respectively. This agreement, which left the port and district of Lome to Britain, caused some dissatisfaction in French colonial circles and was amended by a convention of Sept. 30 1920 when in exchange for an enlarged area in the interior Lome and the whole of the seaboard but 32 m. went to France. The formal transfer of Lome to France followed in Oct. 1920. In the N. the area acquired by Britain included Yendi and adjoining districts, thus bringing the whole of the Dagomba country under British control. Of the total area of the German colony 13,500 sq. m. came under the British mandate and 20,200 sq. m. under the French mandate. Of the pop., estimated (1920) at 1,250,000, some 850,000 lived in the French area. Europeans, mostly British and French officials and traders, numbered about 500. There was also an energetic colony of Syrian traders.
The railways fell within the French area. They consisted (1921) of a line from Lome N.E. to Atakpame, completed in 1911 and 102 m. long ; from Lome along the coast to Anecho (27 m.) and from Lome N.W. to Palime (74 m.). They are all of metre gauge. The principal articles of commerce are products of the oil and coconut palms, cot- ton, maize, cocoa, live stock, rubber, sisal and other fibres. Of these the most important are palm oil and kernels. There is a considerable transit trade between the Gold Coast and Lome and between Anecho and Dahomey. In 1910 exports were valued at 360,000, and imports at 570,000. In 1913, the last full year of German rule, exports were valued at 455,000 and imports at 530,000. Cotton yarns, textiles, hardware and building material were the chief im- ports. In 1913 Germany took 60% of the exports and supplied 42 % of the imports. After the Allied occupation trade for several years was mainly with neighbouring countries and the United Kingdom. In 1918 the value of exports from Lome reached 434,000, and the value of imports 385,000. In 1919 the figures were: exports 880,- ooo, imports 680,000. After 1914 the cultivation of maize, cotton, sisal and cocoa increased the cocoa exported in 1919 was worth 140,000, the cotton 120,000.
Togoland was the only German protectorate in Africa which had become self-supporting, revenue rising from 132,000 in 1909 ta 169,000 in 1913. The Germans levied a poll tax of 6 marks on the natives; on the Allied occupation direct taxation was abolished. Under the British and French the respective portions of Togoland continued to be self-supporting. The British portion was attached to the Gold Coast Colony, the French portion to Dahomey. Local autonomy was preserved. In Aug. 1920 the French established in their area an administrative council, on which non-officials, includ- ing one native, had seats, with a consultative voice in drawing ur> the budget.
See Togoland (1920) a British Foreign Office handbook, with bibliography, and for the 1914 campaign the British White Paper Correspondence relating to the military operations in Togoland (Cd. 7872, 1915). See also A. F. Calvert Togoland (1918). (F. R. C.)
TOKUGAWA, YOSHINOBU [KEIKI], PRINCE (1837-1913),
Japanese statesman, was the last Shogun of the Tokugawa
Government (see 26.1047), succeeding the i4th Shogun, lemochi, in 1866. At that time already a man of matured intellect and high capacities, although his succession had been obtained by the conservatives, he soon displayed an advocacy of liberal progress. He showed great diplomatic tact in the solution of the feuds between the Satsuma and Chosu, and also in opposing the anti-foreign agitation supported by the latter. Realizing after a year's time that the proper government of the country was impossible if continued on the lines of feudalism, which was a bar to all progress and a source of continual internal strife, the Shogun handed in his resignation to the Emperor on Oct. 14 1867. This
