frontier marched with that of German E. Africa, and for some time it was defended only by a few policemen and mobs of undisciplined spearmen. The Germans, however, let the op- portunity pass, and only outpost actions were fought. With the launching of the Belgian offensive in April 1916 Uganda ceased to be in the sphere of active operations. The chief service rendered by Uganda in the E. Africa campaign was the raising of over 10,000 African soldiers, the formation of a native
i medical corps this corps was formed through the efforts of
Sir Apollo Kagwa, prime minister of Buganda the supply of
over 60,000 trained carriers and some 100,000 " job porters "
(see EAST AFRICA CAMPAIGN).
The Baganda, Banyoro, Busoga and other races, throughout,
i gave the British authorities prompt and continuous aid. The
Buganda Government at once mobilized every militarily-fit man.
This was done by direction of the Kabaka (King) Daudi Chwa
(b. 1896), who "came of age" four days after war began.
During the war some trouble was caused in the Kigezi district
' by the Nabingi, an anti-white society, which took a sheep as totem, put 2,000 warriors in the field and attacked impartially British, Belgian and German troops. The trouble originated in Ruanda, then under German rule. It was temporarily stopped by the sacred sheep being captured, shot and burnt, but in 1920 the Nabingi, with a new leader and a new sacred sheep, again gave trouble. This society was the only instance of anti-white feeling in Uganda, and affected only a minute part of the protectorate.
On Sir F. J. Jackson's retirement after 23 years' service in E. Africa, Mr. (afterwards Sir) R. T. Corydon was appointed governor (Nov. 1917). A notable event in 1920 was a visit by
1 the Rev. John Roscoe, the chief authority on Baganda ethnology, to study the lesser known tribes of the protectorate.
The problems with which Sir R. T. Corydon had to deal were largely economic and social. The rise in the value, in 1919, of the rupee and the decision of the Colonial Office in 1920 to fix its exchange at 25. sterling affected Uganda less perhaps than Kenya Colony, but caused a disturbance of trade, while the great fall in the price of cotton from the middle of 1920 onward seriously affected the industry. The introduction by order of the Colonial Office of the differential treatment of Indians enforced in Kenya was another disturbing influence. (See KENYA COLONY.) A step forward in the political status of the protectorate was the creation of a Legislative Council, to which various sections of the community nominated members. The first session of the Council was held on March 23, 1921. The Indian community, in view of the action of the Colonial Office, declined to send a representative to the Council.
See H. R. Wallis, The Handbook of Uganda (2nd ed. 1920), an excellent monograph, by a former chief secretary to the Uganda Government, with bibliography; Maj. E. M. Jack, On the Congo Frontier (1914); Rev. J. Roscoe, The Northern Bantu (1915); R. Kmunke, Quer durch Uganda (1913); R. Lorimer, By the Waters of Africa (1917). (F. R. C.)
UHDE, FRITZ KARL HERMANN VON (1848-1911), German
painter (see 27.563), died at Munich Feb. 26 1911.
UKRAINE (see 27.564). In its more recent application the name of Ukraine refers to a region of south-eastern Europe, embracing districts of South Russia and former Austria-Hungary which are said to be predominantly Ukrainian-speaking and which should, it is claimed, for this reason form an autonomous State. The boundary of this territory was in 1921 undefined, but, broadly speaking, the claim was that it extended from the
mouth of the river Dniester in a north-westerly direction to the neighbourhood of Cracow, thence running roughly N. towards
Byelostok, then E. slightly by S. to the Volga, then S.S.W. to
near Rostov, S.E. to the Caspian Sea and W. to the Black Sea.
The independence of Russian Ukraine, the eastern section of
this territory, was proclaimed in Nov. 1917, and that of Austrian
(western) Ukraine in Nov. 1918; and in Jan. 1919 eastern and
western Ukraine united as a " Republic of the Ukrainian People."
The total pop. of this " ethnographic Ukraine," according to the census estimate of Jan. 1914, was 46,012,000, giving a
density of 62.3 per sq. km.; of these 32,662,000 were classified as Ukrainians, 5,376,800 Russians, 2,079,500 Poles, 3,975,760 Jews, 871,270 Germans, 435,24 Rumanians and 32,960 Hun- garians; or, according to religion, Ukrainian-Orthodox Church 30,653,000, Greek Catholic 6,847,000, Russian Orthodox 4,500,000, Jewish 3,976,000, Roman Catholic 2,000,000 and Protestant 800,000.
The accompanying table shows in fuller detail the area and pop. of the various districts composing the territory, in which, according to the 1914 estimate, the Ukrainian-speaking people are claimed to be in a majority, either absolutely or relatively.
Country.
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Province (Govern- ment).
Area in sq. km.
Population.
Total.
Ukrainian- speaking.
Per- cent- age.
Russia
Chelm
(Kholm)
10,455
841,800
447,650
53
Grodno
13-701
715,600
443,370
62
Minsk
19,953
469,700
355,920
76
Volhynia .
7L735
4,189,000
2,936,080
69
Podolia
42,016
4,057,300
3,282,680
80
Kiev .
50,957
4,792,500
3,746,310
78
Chernigov .
38.334
2,234,700
2,050,350
90
Poltava
45,893
3,792,100
3,523,720
92
Kharkov .
54,492
3,416,800
2,743,710
80
Kursk
. 10,531
780,250
440,190
56
Voronezh .
28,890
1,519,950
1,150,310
76
Don (terri-
tory of)
20,861
1,196,600
580,970
48
Stavropol .
17,397
492,500
248,100
50
Kuban
53,i6o
1,763,800
1,078,460
61
Taurida
35,064
1,763,800
805,900
46
Ekaterinos-
lav
63,392
3,455,500
2,366,280
68
Rumania
Kherson . Bessarabia
70,798 11,988
3,774,600 787,700
1,977,030 319,210
53 4
Austria- Hungary (former)
(Galicia I Bukovina. [Hungary .
54,577 5,276 6,347
5,378,650 460,430 568,490
3,415,000 301,150 440,630
64 65
78
Total,
Ethno-
graphic
Ukraine
739,162
46,012,000
32,662,000
71%
Language. The Ukrainians claim to have a national language
of their own, distinct from the Russian and Polish languages.
Mr. Ralph Butler, in his New Eastern Europe (1919), says:
" Whether Ukrainian is a dialect of Russian or a separate language
is a vexed question. But if Ukrainian was a dialect in 1914 it
is a separate language now: for whatever may be the ultimate
destiny of the two great divisions of the Russian people the
events of 1917-8 have carved lines which are beyond effacement
in the ethnical development of the Ukrainian race. As written
by the Nationalists, Ukrainian differs considerably in appearance
from Russian; it discards six of the Russian letters and uses three
which Russian has not got. The Nationalists have purposely
made the orthography as different from the Russian as possible.
They have created a neo-Ukrainian literary language from which
they have excluded as far as possible all Great-Russian technical
terms." The people furthermore claim to have a national
culture of their own.
The Ukrainian Movement. Briefly the history of the Ukrain- ian Movement down to 1914 is to all intents and purposes the history of the Ruthenians (see 23.939), inhabiting the eastern parts of Galicia, of which province they constituted slightly less than half the population. Though subservient to the Polish majority in Galicia, the Ruthenians constituted the intellectual centre for the Ukrainian Movement. The books which were not allowed to be published in Russia were published in Lemberg and Cernowitz, and eastern Galicia became the chief centre of Ukrainian propaganda.
By the Treaty of Pereyaslavl, 1654, the Ukraine received independence, but acknowledged the Tsar as protector of the republic. By this treaty the Ukraine retained complete self- government and the right of maintaining its own diplomatic representatives abroad. By degrees, however, its autonomous
