rorUL.1r1o.'.] ewts., value about £600,000; i11 1876, 1,664,500, value £1,740,600. 70 per cent. is produced in Upper Silesia in the neighbourhood of Beuthen, the rest in Westphalia and tl1e llhineland. S'al(.—Germany possesses abundant salt deposits. The actual production not only covers the home consumption, but also allows a yearly increasing exportation, especially to Russia, Austria, and Scandinavia. In 1877-78 there were 77 salt works in operation, 8 of which were mining works for rock-salt. The provinces of Saxony and 1112111- over, with Thuringia and Anhalt, have 28 works, and produce half the whole amount. A large work is found at Strzalkowo (Posen), and smaller ones near Dortmund, Lippstadt, and Minden (Westphalia). 111 South Germany salt abounds most in Wiirteinberg (Hall, Heilbronn, ltottweil); the principal Ilavarian works are at the foot of the Alps near Freilassing and Rosenhcim. Hesse and lladen have 6 salt works; Lorraine and the Upper Palatinate, 6. The total yield now amounts to 8,318,000 cwts. boiled salt, 3,221,000 cwts. rock-salt, and 256,000 cvts. of other kinds. ’J.'he production has made great advance during the last thirty years, having in 1850 been only 5 million cwts , while in 1877 it was upwards of 11 million cwts. C’/e/oriclc of l’o(asIz.—A considerable amount of this sub- stance is turned out by 15 works in Anhalt, where only the potash ores are found. The production there in 1876 was 846,000 cwts., value about £250,000. POPUL.-'[‘I«).'. Till very recent times no estimate of the population of Germany was precise enough to be of any val11e. At the beginning of the present century the country was divided into some hundred states, but there was no central agency for instituting an exact census on a uniform plan. Even the formation of the German Confederation in 1815 effected but little change in this respect, and it Was left to the different states to arrange in what manner the census should be taken. On the formation, however, of the German Customs Union or Zollverein between certain German states, the necessity for accurate statistics became apparent, since the amounts accr11ing from the common import duties were to be distributed according to the 11umber of inhabitants in the several states. The Zollverein had its origin in a customs convention between Prussia and the grand-duchy of Hesse in 1828 ; and other states, as they gradually became convinced of the advantages afforded by a general customs frontier, joined it from time to time during the succeeding forty years. The following table shows the progressive territorial limits of the Zollverein—wl1icl1 may be regarded as the precursor of the present German empire :— Populalimz (f the ZoIl1'cr.cz'n. Tmrs Slates enterin,-.: dining the various ', men. I Population of the ‘ ‘ ' l’erioL1s. | Sq Miles. l Union States. 1828 I"rus.-ia, llesse (g1'an«l-durliy), 112,000 l 13,295.254 1831 Hesse:Cassel ................... .., 115,300 15,090,075 ('34) § “R3213=‘=1::.::.§:,i:;%J)°a» 2- * ; 1844 Br11ns'iek, Lu_'e1nl)ou1'g, &c. 171,900 I 28 49S,136('43l 1851 glglnover, Oldenb_1u‘_r_: ........ 191,800 l 32,559.055(_’52) 3 n.1:.::‘; 1 1571 Alsace?-Lorraine .... .7.” ......... 209.281 ; 40,677,950 The returns 1nade at different times by the separate states cannot be combined into an aggregate, showing pre- cisely the former population of Germany. An enumera- tion was made every third year of the number of people that could be held as belonging to the different states GERBIAN1’ 455 comprised iii the Zollverein; and it was only from 1867 that the returns gave the actual resident population. The following table gives the area and population of the twenty- six states of Germany as returned at the two last censuses (1871 and 1875) :- P0pu’atz'on if the G'crmaa E1n]n'7'c, 1871 and 1875. _,"_,a_ Population. States of the Empire. Enfilish 5‘1- —_“* Miles. Dec. 3, 1871. Dec. 1. I875. Ifingdoms. 1. Prussia .................. .. 134,178 24,691,433 25,742,404 2. Bavaria ................ .. 29,292 4,863,450 5,022,390 3. Saxony .................. .. 5,789 2,556,244 2,760,586 4. 1'i'1rtemberg ........... .. 7,531 1,818,539 1,881,505 G'rmzcl-Duch2'cs. 5. Baden .................. ._ 5,824 1,461,562 1,507,;7£§ 6. Hesse .................... .. 2 965 852,894 884 1 7. Meeklenburg-Schwerin 5:137 557,897 553:785 8. Saxe-Vci1n:1r ......... .. 1,404 286,183 292,933 9. Mecklcnburg-Strelitz 1,131 96,982 95,673 . 10. Oldenburg ............ .. 2,471 314,459 319,314 Duc-lLz'cs. 11. Brunswick ............. .. 1,425 311,764 327,493 12. Saxe-l[einingen ...... .. 953 187,957 194,494 13. Saxe-Altenburg ....... .. 510 142,122 145,844 14. Saxc-Cobnrg-Gotha 760 174,339 182 599 15. . l1alt ................. .. 906 203,437 213,565 Princz'pal[lics. 16. Sehwarzburg - Rudol- 364 75,523 76,676 stadt ................. .. 17. Scl1wa.1‘zl)111'g-So11ders- l 333 67,191 67,480 hausen .............. .. i 18. Waldeek ................ .. 433 56,224 54,743 19. lteuss-Grciz ........... .. 122 45 094 46,985 20. llcuss-Gcra ............. .. 320 89:0-32 92,375 21. 8cha1nnburg-Lippe 171 32,059 33,133 22. Lippe .... ..T ............ .. 438 111,135 112,452 1 Free Iozrns. Lubeck 109 52,158 56,912 24. Bremen ..... ........ .. 97 122,402 142,200 25. Hamburg ............... .. 158 338,974 388,618 Imperial T t:7'rilor_7/. 26. Alsace-Lorraine ...... .. 5,603 1,549,738 1,531,804 Total .......... ..| 208,425 41,053,792 |42,727,360 The following table shows the rate of recent increase, the population of Alsace-Lorraine returned at the French census of 1866 being included in the statement for 1867 :— 'Dec. 3, 1867 40,108,029 |Dee. 3, 1871 41.058.792 950.763 24 0'6 IDUC. 1, 1875 42,727,360 1,688,568 4'1 1'0 Comparing the census returns of 1871 and 1875; it is fo11nd that only Alsace-Lorraine (17,934), the two Meek- lenburgs (together 5231), and Waldeck (1481) are decreas- ing ; all other states are increasing, though at very different rates. A comparison cannot here be made, however, be- tween the. smaller and the larger states. Hamburg and Dre- men, for example, have considerably increased, but these 1n11st be regarded as consisting of single large towns, and a similar increase is found in all the great cities of Germany. In southern Germany (Alsace—Lorraine not included), and also in Hanover, the growth of population has been in- significant, whereas the population in the eight old provinces of Prussia and in Saxony shows a marked increase. It appears from the following table that the inhabitants of Prussia and Saxony have increased 60 to 70 per cent. in 40 to 44 years, and those of the other states only 18 to 23 per cent. And it is to be observed that this increase is not confined to the industrial districts, but that those pro- vinces also which have few large cities and the population
of which live for the most part by agriculture, such as