TEXTILE 1.'DUsr1ui-:s.] weight, the net weight being about 4 per cent. less) of the raw niatcrial, it will be seen that this industry has not im- proved since 1873 1-- | '*‘°::%:..¥*32::::°‘ "°::::.::-2;-r;:;::.:J‘ or ‘ Cwts. Cwts. Cwts. 1873 3,609,000 1,153,000 2,456,000 1.974 $190,001) 848,000 2,642,000 1375 3,199,000 819,000 2.380,000 1.57.; 3,513,000 705,000 2,813,000 1877 3,262,000 831,000 2,431,000 1878 3,289,000 973,000 2,313,000 Cotton spinning and weaving are not confined to one district, but are prosecuted in Upper Alsace (Miilliausen, Gebweiler, Colniar), in Saxony (Zwickau, Cheiiinitz, Anna- berg), in Silesia (Breslau, Liegiiitz), in the Rhine province (Dll5Seltl01‘f, )1 duster, Cologne), in Erfurt and Hanover, in 'Vi'n-temberg (Reutlingen, C-annstadt), in Baden, Bavaria (.ugsburg, Bainberg, Baireuth), and in the Palatinate. The number of hands occupied in the mills in 1875 was 68,555 (34,385 males, 34,170 females) and in the weav- ing establishments 186,496 (124,732 males and 61,704 females). Of these 98,188 were in Saxony. The produc- tion of cotton yarn is not sufficient for the home demand, and for some years back the imports of the article have ex- ceeded the exports by about 200,000 cwts., till 1878, when the excess was only 117,000 cwts. Woollen, and ll'0rsz‘er_I.—Iii this class of manufactures Germany is far behind F ranee. First of all, the home pro- duction of wool is not sufiicient. In 1873-75 the imports of wool exceeded the exports by 300,000 cwts. per aiiiiuni, and in 1870-78 the excess amounted to 800,000 cwts. In 18 75 there were about 1,200,000 spindles for carded woollen y-.irn,—about 700,000 of them in Prussia, and 320,000 in Saxony. For worsted spinning there were 450,000 spindles,—Upper Alsace having 180,000, and Saxony 110,000 ; nevertheless the production falls short of the cle- inand, and from 150,000 to 250,000 cwts. must be obtained from foreign countries. The manufacture of woollen cloth is well developed, and is prosecuted for exportation. The cloth is valued as being well woven, durable, and cheap. The centres of its manufacture are the Rhine province, Bmndenburg, Lower Silesia, Magdeburg, Thiiriiigia, Saxony, "iirteiiiberg, and Alsace. In 1875 there were altogether 192,452 persons engaged in the woollen industry. Linen, Hemp, and J ute.-—Germany, although linen was formerly one of her most important articles of manufacture, is now left far behind in this industry, not only by Great Britain and France, but also by Austria—Hungary. In 1874 there were 326,538 spindles at work in Germany for flax, hemp, and jute spinning, while there were 415,000 in Austria, 663,000 in France, and 1,670,000 in Great Britain. About 300,000 cwts. of linen yarn are imported into Germany annually, whereas Austria exports about 100,000 cwts. I-land-loom weaving is practised all over Germany, but centres principally in Saxony, Silesia, and Westphalia. In recent times also power-looxii weaving has been extending. In 1873 there were 68 establishments in Germany, principally at Elberfeld and Barnien, with 3473 i_oower-looms, including 7 factories, with 546 power-looms, for jute. The linen industry employed 187,793 persons in 1875. The demand for linen is nearly covered by the home production. .S'z'll:.—1laW silk can scarcely be ranked among the pro- ducts of the empire, and the annual demand has thus to be provided for by importation. It amounts to about 50,000 cwts., there being some superior silk—weaving estab- lishments. The main centre of the silk industry is Crefeld and its neighbourhood; then come Elberfeld and Barnien, Aix-la-Cliapelle, as well as Berlin, Potsdam, Chenuiitz and GEI{ZlANY 459 Annaberg, Munich, Stuttgart, Saargemiind, &c. The ex- ports of silk stuffs always exceed the imports. General Census of In«.lust1'z'es.——In 1875 a census of industrial occupations was taken in Germany. The fol- lowing table gives the rumbers of the different establisli— ments and of the persons engaged in them :— E::::.':.‘::."- 32:221.. 1. Horticulturists ......................... .. 13,072 24,893 2. Fislierinen ............................. .. 15,636 19,623 3. llliners .................................... ..| 7,893 433,109 4. 1'ork:-rsiii stone, clay, glass 51,235 | 265,139 5. 1'ork«-rs in metal ...................... .. 164,328 420,445 6. 'o1-kersinmachines, instrunicnt.~:, &c. 83,635 307,705 7. (‘heinica1 industry ...................... .. 8,640 51,739 8. 1'orkers in lirrhtin niaterials,soa , .. resins, &c.° .... ................ l 8’94' 42’318 9. Textile industry ....................... .. 380,918 925,457 10. 'oi-kers in paper and leather ....... .. 56,614 187,174 11. 1l'o1-kers in wood ..................... .. 245,703 463,533 12. lVorkers in food and drink .......... .. 241,694 693,278 13. Workers in dress and washing ..... .. 755,616 1,049,470 14. 1'orkersin building .................. .. 234,334 485,997 15. Polygraphic industry ................. .. 8,108 55,852 16. Artistic industry ........................ .. 5,534 13,183 17. Persons in mercantile business ...... .. 420,129 659,988 18. l‘ei'sons engaged in conveyance ..... .. 74,655 233,819 19. Lodging and boarding ................. .. 159,881 234,848 Total ................ .. 2,936,572 6,467,570 loans, 1l.iLv.-xvs, AND CAN.-XLS. 1i’0cu_ls.—Tlie construction of good highways has been well attended to in Germany only since the Napoleonic wars. The separation of the empire into small states was favour- able to road—n1aking, inasmuch as it was principally the smaller Governments that expended large sums for their network of roads. Thirty years ago the best roads were found in Hanover and Thuringia: the '_l‘hi'iringer Wald has been almost transformed into a park by its splendid roads. But some districts suffer even still from the want of good highways. The introduction of railways fora time diverted attention from road—making, but this neglect has of late been to some extent remedied. In Prussia the circles (K7-eise) have now themselves undertaken the charge of the construction of the roads; but they receive a subsidy from the public funds of the several provinces. The total length of the public roads is now estimated at 72,000 miles. 1'.’a.ilwa_7/s.—The period of railway construction was in- augurated iii Germany by the opening of the line from Nuremberg to F iirth in 1835, but the development of the system was slow. The want of a central government operated injuriously here, for it frequently happened that intricate negotiations and solemn treaties between several sovereign states were required before a line could be coii- structed ; and moreover the course it was to take was often determined less by the general exigencies of commerce than by many trifling interests or desires of neighbouring states. The state which was most self-seeking in its railway politics was Hanover, which separated the eastern and western parts of the kingdom of Prussia. The difficulties arising to Prussia from this source were experienced in a still greater degree by the seaports of Bremen and Hamburg. Until 1866 there was no railway from Bremen into the interior of Germany, while now there are four. Prior to 1865 the construction of railways advanced pretty uniformly, the average construction during the years from 1840 to 1865 having been from 340 to 370 miles per annum. Gerniany was at that time far outstripped in the extent of its railway system by Englaiid, Belgium, and Switzerland,’ and even
by France. A new period of railway construction begins