oovEn.'.ENT.] The weights are stated in hundredweights (cwts.) net throughout. (see .S'tu{z'.s-tical ..10slI'((Ct published by the Eng- , lish Board of Trade, No. V., 1878). This table shows that of late years Germany l1as had to order considerable quan- tities of grain from abroad. The value of the importation, estimated at £1-1,000,000 i11 1872, was nearly £3b,000,000 in 1877.
- 1-lvanced from £1,400,000 in 1872 to £9,500,000 in
1 -S 7 7. Tl1e following table gives the imports and exports of the principal raw materials :— 1:472. 1377. A 1'] . _ l ‘C C3 Imports. ' I-Exports. Imports. I Exports. I (‘o:1l, lignitc, tt:c.........Cw:s. '?.000.000 7li.I‘.9-‘L000 971.000 000 100.18-1.000 H1-us ..................... .. ,, :<_-_u n 1,000 .-'.,::1m,0oo 17.955.114.10 16.140 000 l1on.pig ,, 1-_-.2.-n.'._«m0 5,a1os.o00 10..;:s(;.0u0 9,119,000
- [,e;l._]_ pig _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ](;:;_(m0 433.000 60.000 649.000
Cotton, 1‘:u'........ 2,;<::0.0u0 01-1.000 .‘:,1:;0.000i 795.000 l-I: - . '-".001 (Ff-".000 1.5‘-“0.0"0 1.010000 in-lnp .1 .i0ii,00i1 2413.000 030,000 ‘4cu,o00 'ool.1-:1w.................. ,, 1,070,000 5-77.000 1,370,000 1 445.000 Silk, raw cocoons .... .. ,, 61,300 16,000 63.900 20,008 llidcs... , 1,181,000 290.000 857.100 29-5.00 ‘(Guano :, 1.400.000 1:10.000 2.440.000 127,000 Linst-cd,&c. ,, 1,110,000 670,000 1,116,000 1,354,000 1i1'c:1sc ,, 575.000 40.000 735-"00 75.000 , l'ctrolcun1 ,, 320,000 907,000 (£810,000 1.810.000 W, I |Crt.~‘. 4‘J.-103,000 30,200.000 36.800000 21,400,000 °°‘--- ------------‘Uri.-L-cs, 5,000,000 79,000 3,100,000 With regard to the proper products of industry, the exports, with few exceptions, such as yarn, exceed the im- ports in every case, as is shown in the table below. The total value of all fabrics imported is estimated at about £30,000,000, that of those exported at from £42,000,000 to £45,000,000. But, even supposing the last figures to be too low, the difference between the German and the British trade is still very great, since the value of all the industrial products exported by Great Britain may he stated at £170,000,000 for the year 1875 (see Almanac]; de Gotlca, 1877). The difference is greatest in the textile industries, —the value of tissues exported from England in 1875 being estimated at .£100,000,000, while that of Germany did not rank higher than from £20,000,000 to £25,000,000. Articles of hardware are showing a great decrease of imports and a considerable increase of exports. Izuluslrzhl I’/'0(lucts——Imp0rf,s and Erporls. IST2. 1877. Aiticles. - -*——j— ——----——j-—- Imports. ! Iixports. _ Imports. ' Exports. Cwts. ' Cwts. Cwts. i Cwts. .Ia1111f:1ct111'esof cotton .... .. 48,000 _ 166,000 45.000 216,000 , , ,, 5' .. ? 31,000 16,000 33,000 -- .1 wool . . .. . .. .. 1 63,000 295,000 114.000 238,000 Yarns 1,088,000 1 243,000 892.000 34.000 Leather 130,000 1 158,000 150,000 166,000 Glass and glass wares ....... .. 250.000 627,000 150,000 832,000 .Ieta1 wares 2,633,000 1,3-‘}0,()00 1,121,000 l 2,530,000 .Iacl1incr_', cxclus of boilers 563.000 ' 596,000 '29.000 801,000 llails 234,000 1 1,414,000 1,521,000 4,497,000 '.lusical instruments 8,000 53,000 , 10,000 I 69,100 The principal ports of import and export are Ham- _burg and Bremen, and in these places the annual amount of shipping business has advanced step by step with the general development of German trade. As to the total value of goods entering Hamburg we have- accurate sta- tistics for several decades. Imjmrts of Htluflizuy. l Total Imports, ' Total Imports, c.'clu(1. Bullion. exclud. Bullion. _ Millions. I - Millions 5 1846-50 £20-5 1873 5 £853 . Average. 1851-60 33'5 ' 1874 84‘3 _ 1861-70 49‘8 1875 851'] 1871 77'3 1876 85'? 1872 85'6 1877 SS’-3 GERMANY Similarly the value of the imported animals . 463 l The stagnation in the development of trade during the period 1871-77 is obvious; and with Bremen the case is the same. The following table states the total imports of Bremen by sea and from the interior. The importation from Germany or the Zollverein territory represents about one- third of the total amount. Bremen trades principally with the United States; Hamburg more with England, South America, &c. I //1 ports of Bremen . l ‘ Total Imports. 1 i Total Imports.
- Millions. 1 Millions.
g 1847-51 £5-3 [ 1873 £26-5 .lvc-rage. « 1857431 11'] 1874 24 '9 l1s67—71 17-1 1575 I 21-9 1871 233 1876 221 197-2 24-8 1877 I 2-3-1 Govsnxnrexr. The German empire is a union of 25 sovereign states, —-1 kingdoms, 6 grand—duchies, 5 duchies, 7 principalities, 3 free towns. Alsace-Lorraine, ceded by France at the peace concluded 10th May 1871, forms a twenty-sixth constituent of the confederation, but it is administered , by the central authority. The supreme direction of the military and political affairs of the empire has, by the vote ‘ of the reichstag or diet of the North German confederation, been vested in the king of Prussia, who accordingly bears I the title of German Emperor (Deutscher Kaiser). The imperial dignity is hereditary iii the line of Hohen- zollern, and follows the law of primogeniture. The emperor exercises the imperial power in the name of the confederated states. In his office he is assisted by a federal council or bundesrath, which represents the Governments of the indi- vidual states of Germany. The members of this council, 59 in number, are appointed for each session by the Govern- ‘ ments of the individual states. The legislative functions of the empire are vested in the emperor, the bundesrath, and the reichstag or diet. The members of the latter, 307 in number, are elected for a space of three years by universal suffrage. Vote is by ballot, aud one member is elected by (approximately) every 100,000 inhabitants. As regards its legislative functions, the empire has supreme and independent control in matters relating to military affairs and the navy, to the imperial finances, to German commerce, to posts and telegraphs, and also to rail- ways, in so far as these affect the common defence of the country. Bavaria and Wiirtemberg, however, have preserved their own postal and telegraphic a.d1ninistration. The legisla- tive power of the empire also takes precedence of that of the separate states in the regulation of matters affecting freedom of migration (Freiziigigkeit), domicile, settlement, a11d the rights of German subjects generally, as well as in all that relates to banking, patents, protection of intellectual pro- perty, navigation of rivers and canals, civil and criminal legislation, judicial procedure, sanitary police, and control of the press and of associations. The executive power is in the emperor’s hands. He represents the empire internationally, and can declare war if defensive, and make peace as well as enter into treaties with other nations ; he also appoints a11d receives ambassa- ' dors. For declaring offensive war the consent of the federal council must be obtained. The separate states have the privilege of sending ambassadors to the other courts; but all consuls abroad are officials of the empire, and are named by the emperor. Both the federal council and the reichstag meet in annual sessions convoked by the emperor who has the right. of
,' proroguing a11d dissolving the diet; b11t the prorogatiou