4 1 2. l v _ _ Dates of I'uinln-r of .“mbu_ or I “;‘:.'.:;‘=‘* ..'.'.'e=;—‘.t;:::::.*.. 1. ’»crlin, l‘rus.~m ................ .. 1‘~10 ‘Z15 4.331 2. Leipsic, Sn.;ou_' .............. .. 1409 160 2,943 3. Munich, llavaria ............. .. 1826 136 1,396 4. Breslau, Prussia (1702) .... .. 1811 106 - 1,250 5. Tubingcn. Wiirtcnilnerg .... .. 1477 88 1,144 6. Bonn. Prussia ................ .. 1818 100 i 1,098 7. (‘-i-ttingen, Prussia .......... .. 1737 120 1,009 8. 'i'1rzburg, Bavaria .......... ..' 1402 66 960 9. llalle, Prussia ................ .. 1607 107 944 10. lleidelberg, Baden .......... .. 1386 110 808 11. Strasburg, .lsace-Lorraine 1872 90 736 12. Kiinigsberg, I’r11s.-.ia ........ 1544 ' 89 671 13. Jena, Thuringian states .... 1558 78 570 14. Greifswald, Prussia ......... ..' 1456 61 534 15. llarburg, Prussia ............. .. 1527 71 458 16. Freibnrg, Baden ............. ..I 1457 57 454 17. Erlangen, Bavaria .......... .. 1743 64 415 13. Giessen, llcsse ................ ..' 1607 55 347 19. Miinster, Prussia ............. . 1780 30 332 20. Kiel, Prussia ................. .. 1665 69 264 21. liostoek, Mceklcuburg ...... .. 1419 41 157 Total ............. .. 1,913 20,826 A number of technical high schools rank along with the universities; they all took their rise in the course of the present century, and usually bear the name of Polytechni- cum. To the number of these belong the academies of industry (founded 1821) and of architecture (1798) in Berlin, and the polytechnica at Hanover, Brunswick, Aix- la-Chapelle, Darmstadt, Carlsruhe, Stuttgart, Munich, and Dresden. Among the remaining higher technical schools may be mentioned the mining academies of Freiberg in Saxony, of Berlin, and of Clausthal in the Hare, and the academies of forestry at Neustadt-Eberswalde, Miinden on the Weser, Tharand near Dresden, and H ohenheim near Stuttgart, and at Brunswick, Eisenach, Giessen, and Carlsruhe. Schools of agriculture have also been attached to several universities, the most important being at Berlin, Halle, Giittingen, Kiinigsberg, Jena, Poppelsdorf near Bonn, Munich. and Leipsic. Libraries.—Menta1 culture and a general diffusion of knowledge are extensively promoted by means of numerous public libraries established in the capitals, the university towns, and other places. The most celebrated public libraries are those of Berlin (800,000 volumes), Munich (800,000 volumes and 22,000 manuscripts), Gottingen, Dresden, Stuttgart, Hamburg, Strasburg, Frankfort—on-the- Main, Breslau, Gotha, and Wolfenbiittel. Societies. —There are also numerous societies and unions, some being of an exclusively scientific character, and others being designed for the popular diffusion of useful knowledge. The academies of science in Berlin, Munich, Gottingen, and Leipsic are Government institutions. Ample provision is made for scientific collections of all kinds in almost all places of any importance, either at the public expense or through private munificence. Observatm-ies.——Tl1ese have in recent years been consider- ably augmented. There are 22 observatories in the empire, viz., at Altona, Berlin, Bonn, Bothkamp in Schleswig, Breslau, Dantzic, Diisseldorf, Gotha, Giittingen, Hamburg, Kiel, Kiinigsberg, Leipsic, Liibeck, Mannheim, Mar-burg, Munich, Potsdam, Schwerin, Spires, Strasburg, and Wil- helmshaven. 1100]: Tm:Ie.—Tl1is branch of industry, from the important position it has gradually acquired since the time of the Reformation, is to be regarded as at once a cause and a result of the mental culture of Germany. Leipsic is the centre of the trade. The number of booksellers in Germany was 1101.5 195-?» U13“. 5196 in 1878, among whom were 1.346 t‘rEl{l[ANY l_EDUCAT10‘.'. publishers. The following table will show the recent pro- gress of German literary production, and its proportion to that of other European states :— J .'urnbcr of 1‘ublisl1cd Works. ‘ ‘ 1 " Germany. 1 France. Gt. Britain. ' Italy. 1863 10,563 11,267 4,439 4,084 1870 10,053 8,831 5,082 4,318 1872 11,127 10,559 4,812 0,429 P 1877 13 925 1573 , 1;::«.,o1-_> .'ewspupers.——1'hile in England a few important news- papers have an immense circulation, the newspapers of Germany are much more numerous, but individually com- mand a far more limited sale. Leaving out of account insignificant local papers, Germany in 1878 possessed 600 newspapers published daily, or two to three times a week; of these only 90 were published in South Germany. Berlin alone produces 44 newspapers. Most readers re- ceive their newspapcrs through the post-office or at their clubs, which may help to explain the smaller number of copies sold. Only 50 of the 600 daily newspapers print more than 10,000 copies, and only 20 more than 20,000. I-‘inc .frts.—There are many academies which have for their object the promotion of a taste for painting, sculpture, architecture, and music, and the improvement of the tech- nique of art. The largest academy is now that of Berlin. The three schools of painting (7n((le7‘sc/utlen) are repre- sented by the academies of Berlin, Munich, and Diisseldorf. Other academies for painting are to be found in Dresden, Carlsruhe, Veimar, and Konigsberg. The chief musical academy is at Leipsic. Numerous museums of art and Col- lections of pictures exist in the country, but there is no concentration of these as in London or Paris. Although the collections in Berlin have of late years been considerably enriched, they do not equal in their number of celebrated originals the galleries of Dresden, Munich, and Cassel. An archaeological institute is maintained by the imperial Govern- ment at Home and at Athens, and recently Germany has done much for the advancement of archaeology by the part she has taken in the excavations at Olympia. Bz'bI1'ography. _-1[aps.—The topographical maps of Prussia and of some North German states (scale 1:100,000) are not yet quite completed. The South German states have for the greater part finished their topo- graphical maps, scale 1:50,COG_ Other good s wecial maps, though not quite completed, are—the maps of Central lfiurope by Rcymann (1:200,000) and by Liebcnow (1:300,000), and of Gemiany by Stieler (1 :750,000) and by ltavcnstein (1 :800,000). Physical (r'eography.—There is still wanting a sufliciently detailed work on the physical geography of Germany as a whole, although there are some excellent descriptions of the separate provinces. For general information we may mention—Cotta, Dcutschlu.-nd's Borlcn, 2 vols., 1853; Daniel, I)cu!scI¢_Ia2ui, 1878; Kutzcn, Das (lcutschc Lrzml; Von Klodcn, Grzographischcs I{andbuch, vol. ii., 1875; Ncumann, Das dculschc Reich, 2 vols., 187-4; Peschel and Andree, Atlas (ler cleutschcn Ilciches, 2 parts, 1876-78. S'lat£stics.—Since the. year 1871 there has been established in Berlin an imperial Office for statistics which does excellent work. Most of the figures in the foregoing article have been derived from these official rctums. From 1871 to 1878 the same oflice has pub- lished 30 volumes in 4to, under the title of Statistik des dcutschm Rriclws und jllonatslzqfte der Slatistilc dos dcutschcn Rcichcs. hit the returns do not give statistics under all the heads in which the separate states collect them. Mu_ch valuable geogmph1cal,,stat.1s- tical, and topographical information 1s given In N cumann s Das (lculschw Reich. The most recent summaries are to be found year by _vear in the. Almannch dc Gotlza. Topography/.——-1tudolph’s I'oIlsI(imli_r]cs 02-tslr-a‘icon ton Dculsclu land, 2 vols. 1870, is exact and very ample. The separate states have published lists of all places (towns, villages, hamlets, farms), according to the census of 1871. ])ns I.’r2'cILs-I’ost_:7rbict, issued by the General Post-Oflice, 1878, eontaining about 7000 places, exclusive of 'iirtu-rnberg and Bavaria, forms an excellent topogr-'iplIit'Il1
and statistical handbook. (IL WA-l