Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/812

sian) in 1863, he issued from ita great number of Russian works, all levelled against the system of government pre- vailing in Russia. Some of these were essays, such as his Baptized Property, an attack on serfdom; others were periodical publications, the Polyarnaya Zvyezda (or Polar Star), the Holokol (or Bell), and the Golosa iz Josstt (or Voices from Russia). The Kolokol soon obtained an immense circulation, an‘l exercised an extraordinary influence, For three years, it is true, the founders of the “Free Press” went on printing, “not only without selling a single copy, but scarcely being able to get a single copy introduced into Russia ;” so that when at last a bookseller bought ten shillings’ worth of Baptized Property, the half sovereign was set aside by the surprised editors in a special place of honour. But the death of the emperor Nicholas in 1855 produced an entire change. Hertzen’s writings, and the journals he edited, were smuggled wholesale into Russia, and their words resounded throughout that country, as well as all over Europe. Their influence became overwhelming. Evil deeds long hidden, evil-doers who had long prospered, were suddenly dragged into light anl disgrace. His bold and vigorous language aptly expressed the thoughts which had long been secretly stirring Russian minds, and were now beginning to find a timid utterance at home. For some years his influence in Russia was a living force, the circulation of his writings was a vocation zealously pursued. Stories tell how on one occasion a merchant, who bad bought several cases of sardines at Nijni-Novgorod, found that they contained forbidden print instead of fish, and at another time a supposititious copy of the Aolokol was printed for the emperor’s special use, in which a telling attack upon a leading statesman, which had appeared in the genuine number, was omitted. At length the sweeping changes introduced by Alexander II. greatly diminished the need for and appreciation of Hertzen’s assistance in the work of reform. The freelom he had demanded for the serfs was granted, the law-courts he had so long denounced were remoelled, trial by jury was established, liberty was to a great extent conceded to the press. It became clear that Hertzen’s occupation was gone. When the Polish insurrec- tion of 1863 broke out, and he pleaded the insurgents’ cause, his reputation in Russia received its death-blow. From that time it was only with the revolutionary party that he was in full accord, and it is by that section of Russian Liberals alone that his opinions are now considere1 of authority. For the great reforms, however, which fol- lowed the Crimean War, Russia is much indebted to the outspokerutterances of Alexander Hertzen, and will be so in all probability for the constitutional changes which are likely to follow the repressive measures of 1879.

In 1873 a collection of his works in French was commenced in Paris. A volume of posthumous works, in Russian, was published at Geneva in 1870. His Afemoirs supply the principal information about his life, a sketch of which appears also in A. von Wurzbach’s Zcitgenossen, pt. 7, Vienna, 1871. See also the Revue des Deux AMondes for July 15 and Sept. 1, 1854. Ato Vinovat has been trans- lated into German under the title of [Vcr ist Schuld ? in Wolffsohn’s Russlands Novellendichter, vol. iii. The title of Aly Exile in Siberia is misleading ; he was never in that country.

(w. r. s. r.)

HERULI, Æruli, or Eruli, a nomadic and warlike German tribe who inhabited the northern shores of the slack Sea, but afterwards divided into various sections and windered into different parts of Europe. They made their first appearance in history in the 3d century, as taking part with the Goths in their incursions against the eastern provinces of the Roman empire. In the 4th century they acknowledged the overlordship of the Gothic king Ermanric, but when Attila, king of the Huns, made his descent upon Gaul, they joined his standard. After the overthrow of tle Huns, in which they suffered considerably, they established an organized and distinct confederacy on the banks of the Danube, and under the leadership of Odoacer, assisted in 476 in the overthrow of the Western empire. Under their king Rudolf they in the beginning of the 6th century attempted the subjugation of the Longobardi, but were defeated and dispersed, some of them proceeding to Scandinavia, and others being allowed by the emperor Anastasius to settle on the south bank of the Danube. In the time of Justinian some of them embraced Christianity. A large portion of them afterwards joined the Gepida in their wars against the Eastern empire; but others who remained afforded Justinian important assistance in his wars against the Vandals and East Goths, so that they frequently fought against one another. About the end of the 6th century they became submerged and lost in other nations, and disappeared from historical records. The Heruli were bold, hardy, and extremely pugnacious. For a considerable period they retained intact their strong individuality, and presented a firm resistance to the influences of surrounding civilizations. They put to death without mercy the sick and the aged, and are said even to have offered human sacrifices.

HERVEY, James (1714–1758), a popular religious writer of the 18th century, was born at Hardingstone, near Northampton, on February 26, 1714, and was educated at the graramar school of Northampton, whence in 1731 he passed to Lincoln College, Oxford. At the university he came under the influence of John Wesley and others of that school, and for some time manifested an inclination towards their theology; ultimately, however, while retaining his regard for the men and his sympathy with their religious aims, he adopted a thoroughly Calvinistic creed, and resolved to retain connexion with the Fstablished Church. Having taken holy orders in 1737, he became curate to his father in the family livings of Weston Favell and Colling- tree, to which he himself succeeded in 1752. There, under the disadvantage of very weak health, he laboured with great diligence in the discharge of his parochial duties, and also wrote numerous religious works, which, though of but slight literary or theological value, rapidly became highly popular, and in many English and Scottish houses, especi- ally of the humbler class, took a place on the same shelf with the Pilyrim’s Progress and the Whole Duty of Man. His earliest work, Jleditations and Contemplations, contain- ing “Meditations among the Tombs,” “Reflexions on a Flower Garden,” and a “ Descant on Creation ” (1746), and “Contemplation on the Night and Starry Heavens” (1747), said to have been modelled on Boyle’s Occasional Rejflexions on various Subjects, within fourteen years passed through as many editions. Zheron and Aspasio, or a Series of Letters upon the most important and interesting Subjects, which appeared in 1755, and was equally well received, called forth some arlverse criticism even from Calvinists, on account of tendencies which were considered to lead ‘to antinomianism, and was strongly objected to by Wesley in his Preservative against unsettled Notions in Religion. Besides carrying into England the theological disputes to which Fisher’s J/arrow of Modern Divinity had given rise in Scotland, it also led to what is known as the Sandemanian controversy as to the nature of saving faith. Hervey died on December 25, 1758. A ‘new and complete” edition of his Works, with a memoir, appeared in 1797. See also Collection of the Letters of James Hervey, to which ts prefixed an account of his Life and Death 1760).

HERVEY, John Hervey, Lord (1696–1743), the “Narcissus,” ‘ Sporus,” and “Lord Fanny” of Pope’s satire, & nobleman of political and social distinction in the reign of George II., was son of John first earl of Bristol, and was born on October 13, 1696. Educated and trained for public life at Westminster and Clare Hall, Cambridge, he became a