The use of hops in medicine dates from a very early period. Coles, in kislfistory of Plants (1657), says "They are good to cleanse the kidneys of gravel and provoke urine ; they likewise open obstructions of the liver and spleen, and cleanse the blood and loosen the belly ; and as they cleanse the blood, so consequently they help to cure eruptions of the skin." Brooke s Dispensatory (17 53)recom- inends them also as an alterative, and as a remedy for hypo- chondriasis. Hops are, however, but little used in medicine at the present day, although official in the British and United St ites Pharmacopoeias. According to Bartholow hops in crease the action of the heart, excite the cutaneous circula tion, and cause diaphoresis. A slight cerebral excitement is first produced, soon followed by a disposition to sleep. Hops also possess some anaphrodisiac properties. The preparations used are the tincture, infusion, and extract, the oleoresin, and the lupulinic glands. The drug is generally employed either as a stomachic in dyspepsia, or to allay nervous irritability or cerebral excitement in delirium tremens, where the use of opium is inadmissible. A combination of the tinctures of lupulin and capsicum is said to be one of the best substitutes for alcoholic stimulants when their habitual use is to be discontinued. A pillow stuffed with hops forms a well-known domestic remedy for sleeplessness, and a bag of hops dipped in hot water is often used as an ex ternal application to relieve pain or inflammation, especially of the abdominal organs.
See Fliickiger and Haubury, Pharmacographia, 2d ed., p. 551 ; Bentley and Trimen, Mcd. Plants, No. 230 ; Griessmayer, Amcr. Journ. Pharm.,Ang. 1876, p. 360; Etti, in Dingier s Polijt. Journ. cexxvii. p. 491 ; ccxxviii. pp. 354, 357 ; Bartholow, Mat. Mcd., p. 362; Watson, Rural Encyclopaedia, ii. pp. 686-699; Darwin, Climb ing Plants, p. 2 ; Scot, Perfite Plcdformc of a Hoppe Garden, 1576 ; Freake, Humulus Lupulus in Gout, 1806 ; La Bdyiquc Horticolc, 1851, t. i. 311 ; Perin, Culture du Houllon, Strasburg, 1874 ; and for details as to the cultivation and varieties and the picking and preparation of hops, and their employment in the making of beer, see Agriculture, vol. i. p. 381, and Brewing, vol. iv. pp. 272–273.
(e. m. h.)
HOPE, Thomas (c. 1770–1831), the author of Anastasins, born at London about 1770, was descended from a branch of an old Scotch family who for several generations were extensive merchants in London and Amsterdam. About the age of eighteen he started on a tour through various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, where he interested himself especially in architecture and sculpture, making a large collection of the principal objects which attracted his attsntion. On his return to London he purchased a house in Duchess Street, which he fitted up in a very ornamental and elaborate style, from draw ings made by himself. In 1805 he published sketches of his furniture, accompanied -by letterpress, in a folio volume, entitled Household Furniture and Decoration, which had considerable influence in effecting a change in the upholstery and interior decoration of houses. In 1809 he published the Costumes of the Ancients, and in 1812 Designs of Modern Costumes, works which display a large amount of special antiquarian research. He was also a munificent patron of the highest forms of art, and both at his London house and his country seat at Deepdene near Dorking he formed large collections of paintings, sculpture, and antiques. Thorwaldsen, the Danish sculptor, was indebted to him for the early recognition of his talents, and he also gave frequent employment to Chantrey and Flaxman. In 1819 he published anonymously his novel Anastasius, or Memoirs of a Modern Greek, written at the close of the IStk century, a work which, chiefly on account of the novel character of its subject, caused a great sensation. It was generally attributed to Lord Byron, but, though remarkable for the acquaintance it displays with Eastern life, and dis tinguished by considerable imaginative vigour and much graphic and picturesque description, its paradoxes are not so striking as those in which Lord Byron indulged ; and, notwithstanding some eloquent and forcible passages, the only reason which warranted its ascription to him was the general type of character to which its hero belonged. Hope died February 3, 1831. He was the author of two works published posthumously, the Origin and Prospects of Man, 1831, in which he indulged in speculations diverging widely from the usual orthodox opinions, and an Historical Essay on Architecture, 1835, an elaborate description of the architecture of the Middle Ages, illustrated by drawings made by himself in Italy and Germany.
HÔPITAL. See L’Hôpital.
HOPKINS, Ezekiel (1633–1690), bishop of London derry, and a Calvinistic divine of some repute, was born at Stanford, Devon (where his father was curate), in 1633, was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, where he identified himself with the Presbyterian party, and about 1660 became assistant to Dr W. Spurstow of Hackney, the W.S. [UU.S.] of " Smectymnuus." He was subsequently presented to the living of St Mary Woolnoth, London, which at the out break of the plague he exchanged for that of St Mary s, Exeter. Having married a daughter of Lord Robartes, who in 1669 became lord-lieutenant of Ireland, he was soon afterwards promoted to the deanery of llaphoe, and in 1671 he was raised to the bishopric of that diocese. Trans lated to the see of Londonderry in 1681, he continued to discharge his episcopal functions until the period of the famous siege, when, after having vainly sought to inculcate the doctrine of passive resistance, he withdrew to London, where in 1689 he accepted the living of St Mary Alderman- bury. He died in June 1690.
His works, consisting chiefly of discourses, but including A prac tical Exposition of the Lord s Prayer and An Exposition of the Ten Commandments, were first published in a complete and uniform edition in 1701 ; they were reprinted in 4 vols. in 1809, with a Life prefixed, by Pratt, and again, in 2 vols. , in 1841-44. Though marked by " strength of thought, originality of illustration, and felicity of style," they are now but seldom read.
HOPKINS, Samuel (1721–1803), the theologian from whom the Hopkinsians or Hopkinsian Calvinists take their name, was born at Waterbury, Connecticut, on September 17, 1721. About his fifteenth year he entered Yale College, where he graduated in 1741 ; he afterwards studied divinity at Northampton with Jonathan Edwards ; and in 1743 he was ordained pastor of the church at Housatonnuc (now Great Barrington), Massachusetts. There in the midst of a small settlement of only thirty families he laboured for six and twenty years, preaching, studying, and writing, until in 1769 he was dismissed from his office on the alleged ground of want of funds for his support. He next began to preach in Newport, Rhode Island, where, in 1770, he was settled as pastor of a small congregation, and where, with an interval from 1776 to 1780, caused by the occupation of the British, he continued to labour until about the close of the century. In 1799 he had an attack of paralysis, from which he never wholly recovered ; but he continued to preach occasionally, and with unimpaired mental vigour, al most until his death, which occurred on December 20, 1803.
While in vigour of intellect and in strength and purity of moral tone hardly inferior to Jonathan Edwards, Hopkins considerably excelled his master in force and energy of character. To him belongs the honour of having been one of the first to stir up and organize political action against slavery ; and to his persistent though bitterly opposed efforts are chiefly to be attributed the law of 1774, which forbade the importation of negroes into New England, as also that of 1784, which declared that all children of slaves born after the following March should be free. He was the author of numerous pamphlets, addresses, and sermons ; and he also published lives of Jonathan Edwards, Susannah Anthony, and Mrs Osborn. But his distinctive theological tenets are chiefly to be sought in his important work, the System of Theology, which, published in 1791, has had an influence hardly inferior to that exercised by the writ-
