Thirty Years War, being captured four several times. After the peace of Westphalia it was united to Brunswick; in 1 802 it was transferred to Orange-Nassau, and in 1 807 to Westphalia, after the dismemberment of which in 1814 it came into the possession of Prussia.
HOYLE, Edmund or Edmond (1672–1769), the first systematizer of the laws of whist, and author of a book on game?, was burn in 1672. His parentage and place of birth are unknown, and few details of his life are recorded. For some time lie was resident in London, and partially supported himself by giving instruction in the game of vrhist. For the use of his pupils he drew up a Short Treatise on the game, which after circulating for some time in manu script was printed by him and entered at Stationers Hall in November 1742. The laws of Hoyle continued to be regarded as authoritative until 1864, since which time they have been gradually superseded by the new rules adopted by the Arlington and Portland clubs in that year. He also published rules for various other games, and his book on games, which includes the Short Treatise, has passed into many editions. The weight of his authority is indi cated by the phrase " according to Hoyle," which, doubtless first applied with reference to whist, has gained currency as a general proverb. Hoyle died at Cavendish Square, London, August 29, 1769.
HRABANUS MAURUS MAGNENTIUS (776–856), archbishop of Mainz, and one of the most prominent teachers and writers of the Carolingian age, was born of noble parents at Mainz about the year 776. Less correct forms of his name are Rabanus and Rhabanus. At a very early age he was sent to Fulda, where he continued until, on attaining the canonical age, he received deacon’s orders (801); in the following year, at the instance of Ratgar his superior, he went along with Haimon (afterwards of Halberstadt) to complete his studies at Tours under Alcuin, who in recognition of his diligence and purity gave him the surname of Maurus, after St Maur the favourite disciple of Beneiict. Returning after the lapse of two years to Fulda, he was entrusted with the principal charge of the sch >ol, which under his direction rose into a state of great efficiency for that age, and sent forth such pupils as Walafrid Strabo, Servatus Lupus of Ferrieres, and Otfrid of Weissenburg. At this period it is most probable that his Excerptio from the grammar of Priscian, long so popular as a text book during the Middle Ages, was compiled. In 814 he was ordained a priest; but shortly afterwards, apparently on account of disagreement with Ratgar, he was compelled to withdraw for a time from Fulda. This " banishment " is understood to have occasioned the pilgrimage to Palestine to which he alludes in his commentary on Joshua. Returning to Fulda on the election of a new abbot (Eigil) in 817, he himself five years afterwards (822) became superior. The duties of this office he discharged with efficiency and success until 842, when, in order to secure greater leisure for literature and for devotion, he resigned and retired to the neighbouring cloister of St Peter s. In 847 he was again constrained to enter public life by his election to succeed Otgar in the archbishopric of Mainz, which see he occupied for upwards of eight years. The principal incidents of historical interest belonging to this period of his life were those which arose out of his relations to Gottschalk; they may be regarded as thoroughly typical of that cruel intolerance which he shared with all his contemporaries, and also of that ardent zeal which was peculiar to himself; but they hardly do justice to the spirit of kindly benevolence which in less trying circumstances he was ever ready to display. He died at Winkel on the Rhine, February 4, 856. He is frequently referred to as St Rabanus, but incorrectly.
His voluminous works, many of which remain unpublished, com prize commentaries on a considerable number of the books both oi canonical and of apocryphal Scripture (Genesis to Judges, Ruth, Kings, Chrouicles, Judith, Esther, Canticles, Proverbs, Wisdom, icclesiasticus. Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Maccabees, Mat.th.ew,, the Epistles of St Paul, including Hebrews); and various treatises elating to doctrinal and practical subjects, including more than one series of Homilies. Perhaps the most important is that Delnstitutione Jlericorum, in three books, by which he did much to bring into irominence the views of Augustine and Gregory the Great as to the .raining which was requisite for a right discharge of the clerical unction; the most popular has been a comparatively worthless :ract De Laudibus Sanctce Crucis. Among the, others may be men tioned that DC Universo Librixxii., sive Etymologiarum Opus, a kind of dictionary or encyclopaedia, designed as a help towards the his torical and mystical interpretation of Scripture, the DC Sacris Ordinibus, the De Disciplina Ecdcsiastica, and the Martyrologium. All of them are characterized by erudition (he knew even some Greek and Hebrew) rather than by originality of thought. The poems are of singularly little interest or value, except as including one form of the " Veni Creator." In the annals of German philology a special interest attaches to the Glossaria Latino-Thcodisca. A commentary, Super Porphyrium, printed by Coiisin in 1836 among the Ouvrages inedits d Abelard, and assigned both by that editor and by Haureau to Hrabanus Maurus is now generally believed to have been the work of a disciple.
The first nominally complete edition of the works of Ilrabanus Maurus was that of Colvener (Cologne, 6 vols. fol., 1627). The Opera Omnia form vols. cvii.-cxii.. of Milne’s Patrologiae Cursus Completus. The De Universo is the subject of Compendium der Naturwissenschajten an der Schue zu Fulda im IX. Jahrhundert (lieilin, 1880). Mam us is the Mibject of monographs by Schwavz (De Rhabano Mauroprimo Genimnice pneceptore, 1811). Kunstm nn (llistorische Monographic itber Ilrabanus Magnenlius Maurus, 1841), Spenglt-r (Lebeit dcs heil. Rliabanus Maurus, 1856), and Kb hler (Rhabanus Maurus u. die Sliute zu Fulda, 1870).. Lives by his disciple Kiulolplius and by Joannes Tritheiuius aie priired in the Cologne edition of the Opera. See also Pertz, Monum. Germ, ifist., vols. i. and ii.; and Bahr, Gesc/t. d. rdnaschen Literatur im Karoling. Zeitalter, 1840.
HROSVITHA (frequently Roswitha, and properly Hrotsuit), early mediaeval dramatist and chronicler, occupies a very notable position in the history of modern European literature. Her endeavours formed part of the literary activity by which the age of the emperor Otto the Great sought to emulate that of Charles the Great. The famous nun of Gandersheim has occasionally been confounded with her namesake, a learned abbess of the same convent, who must have died at least half a century earlier. The younger Hrosvitha was born in all probability about the year 935; and, if the statement be correct that she sang the praises of the three Ottos, she must have lived to near the close of the century. Some time before the year 959 she entered the Benedictine nunnery of Gandersheim, a foundation which was confined to ladies of German birth, and was highly favoured by the Saxon dynasty. In 959 Gerberga, daughter of Duke Henry of Bavaria, and therefore niece of the emperor Otto I., was consecrated abbess of Gandersheim, and the earlier literary efforts of the youthful Hrosvitha (whose own con nexion with the royal family appears to be an unauthenticated tradition) were encouraged by the still more youthful abbess, and by a nun of the name of Richarda.
