Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 12.djvu/340

happily assorted trio, at once surprised and delighted the world. So skilfully did the blind man devise his ex periments, and so carefully did his assistants conduct and register their observations, that the work Nouvelles Observa tions sur les abeilles (Geneva, 1792; Paris, 1796; new ed., Paris, 1814; English translation, Edinburgh, 1806 and 1821) laid the foundation of all our scientific knowledge of the subject. Huber assisted Senebier in his Mem. sur influence de Vair, &c., dans la germination (Geneva, 1800); and we also have from his pen " Mem. sur 1 origine de la cire " (BibliotJieque Britannique, tome xxv.), a " Lettre a M. Pictet sur certains dangers que courent les abeilles " (Bib. Brit., xxvii.), and " Nouvelles observ. rel. an sphinx Atropos" (Sib. Brit., xxvii.). He died at the age of eighty-one, December 22, 1831. De Candolle gave his name to a genus of Brazilian trees Huberia laurina. Pierre Huber (1777-1840) followed in his father’s footsteps. His best known work is Recherches sur les mceurs des fourmis indigenes (Geneva and Paris, 1810; newed., Geneva, 1861), but he also contributed papers on various entomological subjects to several scientific periodicals.

See the account of Frangois Huber by De Candolle in Bill. UniverscUc, 1832; and the notice of Pierre in Bibl. Univ., 1866; also Haag, La France Protestante.

HUBER, Johann (1830–1879), a philosophical and theological writer whose name is intimately connected in Germany, and indeed throughout Europe, with the Old Catholic and other recent movements towards freedom and enlightenment, was born in very humble circumstances, on August 18, 1830, at Munich, where, originally destined for the priesthood, he early began the study of theology. By the writings of Spinoza and Oken, however, he was strongly drawn to philosophical pursuits, and it was in philosophy that he "habilitated" (1854), and ultimately became pro fessor (extraordinarius in 1859 and ordinarius in 1864). Along with Dollinger and others he attracted a large amount of public attention in 1869 by the challenge to the Ultramontane promoters of the Vatican council in the treatise Der Papst u. der Koncil, which appeared under the pseudonym of " Janus," and also in 1870 by a series of letters ("Romische Briefe"), which were published in the Allgemeine Zeitung. The nature of the numerous controversies in which he became involved both before and after this main episode of his life may be gathered from the subjoined list of his published writings. He died suddenly of heart disease at Munich on March 20, 1879.

His treatise Ueber die Willensfreiheit (1858) was followed in 1859by Die Philosophic der Kirchcnvdter, which was promptly placed by the Roman authorities upon the Index, and which led to the prohibition of all Catholic students from attending his lectures; Johannes Scotus Erigena, 1861; Idee der Unsterblichkcit, 1864; Studicn, 1865; Der Proletaricr : zur Orientirung in der socialcn Frage, 1865; Der Jesnitenorden nach Verfassung u. Doktrin, Wissenschaft u. Gcschichte, 187o; Der Pcssimismus, 1876; Die Forschung nach der Materie, 1877; Zur Philosophic der Astronomic, 1878; Das Gcddchtniss, 1878. He also published adverse criticisms on Darwin, Strauss, Hartmann, and Haeckel; pamphlets on Das Papslthumu. der Staat, 1870, and on Die Frciheitcn der franzosischcn Kirchc, 1871; and a volume of Kleine Schriften, 1871.

HUBERT (Hugubert or Hugubrecht, “the Bright-witted”), St, bishop of Liege, was son of Bertrand, duke of Guienne, and held a prominent place in the court of the Frankish king Theodoric, and afterwards in that of Pippin of Heristal. He was passionately fond of the chase, but with the death of his wife Floribane all his taste for mundane enjoyments disappeared, and following the counsels of his friend and teacher, Bishop Lambert of Maestricht, he retired to the monastery of Stavelot, whence he afterwards undertook a pilgrimage to Rome, on occasion of which he was by pope Sergius I. appointed bishop of Tongern. In 708 he succeeded Lambert in the see of Maestricht and Liège, to whose memory he erected a cathedral in the latter city. His death occurred in 727, and in 825 his remains (which, it is alleged, suffered no decay for many years) were removed to a Benedictine cloister in the Ardennes, which thenceforth bore his name, and ultimately became a con siderable resort of pilgrims. St Hubert’s day is November 3, but the date and circumstances of his canonization are not stated. His conversion, represented as having been brought about, while he was hunting on Good Friday, by a miraculous appearance of a stag bearing between his horns a beaming cross or crucifix, has frequently been made the subject of artistic treatment. He is the patron of hunters, and is also invoked in cases of hydrophobia and demoniac possession. Several orders of knighthood have been under his protection; among these may be mentioned the Bavarian, the Bohemian, and that of the electorate of Cologne.

See Jameson, Sacred and Legendary Art; Fetis, Legcnde de Saint Hubert, pricedee d une preface billiographique ct d unc introduction historiquc, 1846; Des Granges, Vie de Saint Hubert, 1872; Heggen, DCS heiligcn Hubertus Leben u. IVirken, 1875.

HUBLI, a town in Dharwar district, Bombay, 15° 20′ N. lat., 75 12 E. long., situated 13 miles south-east of Dharwar, on the main road from Poona to Harihar; it is 230 miles south-east from Poona, 142 miles from Belldri (Bellary), 90 miles from Kdrw/ir, and 97 miles from Kumpta (Coompta). Population (1872) 37,961. Situated on the main lines of communication to Harihar, Kurwar, and Kumpta, the town has become the centre of the cotton trade of the southern Marhatta country. Besides raw cotton and silk fabrics, a general trade in copper vessel?, grain, salt, and other commodities is conducted on a large scale. Hubli was formerly the seat of an English factory, which in 1673, with the rest of the town, was plundered by Sivaji, the Marhatta leader.

HUC, Évariste Régis (1813–1860), a celebrated French missionary-traveller, was born at Toulouse, 1st August 1813. In his twenty-fourth year he entered the congregation of the Lazarists at Paris, and shortly after receiving holy orders in 1839 set forth fired by missionary zeal for China. At Macao he spent some eighteen months in the Lazarist seminary preparing himself under the instruction of Perboyre for the regular work of a missionary in the interior. Having at last acquired a sufficient command of the Chinese tongue, and modified his personal appearance in accordance with Chinese taste, he started from Canton clad in the flowing costume of the natives, with his skin dyed yellow, and wearing the inevitable queue. He at first superintended a Christian mission in the southern provinces, and then passing to Peking, where he perfected his knowledge of the language, eventually settled in the Valley of Black Waters or He Shuy, a little to the north of the capital, and just within the borders of Mongolia. There, beyond the Great Wall, a large but scattered population of native Christians had found a refuge from the persecutions of Kia-King, to be united half a century later in a vast but vague apostolic vicariate. The assiduity with which Huc devoted himself to the study of the dialects and customs of the Tartars, for whom at the cost of much labour he translated various religious works, was an admirable preparation for undertaking in 1844, at the instigation of the vicar apostolic of Mongolia, an expedition whose object was to dissipate the obscurity which hung over the country and habits of the Tibetans. September of that year found the missionary at Tolon Noor occupied with the final arrangements for his journey, and shortly afterwards, accompanied by his fellow-Lazarist, Joseph Gabet, and a young Tibetan priest who had embraced Christianity, he set out. To escape attention the little party assumed the dress of lamas or priests. Crossing the Hoang-ho at Shagan-Kooren, they advanced into the terrible sandy tract known as the