H IT L H U L learned of jurisconsults. In science they have the Cuviers, Desmaizeaux, Dubois the chemist, Pare , father of modern surgery, Papin, herald of the steam-engine, the physician Jouberfc, L Ecluse the botanist, and the Hubers. In art they lay claim to Crispin, ,T. Cousin, Pallissy, Simon the engraver, the Picarts, and Goujon the architect. Their poets are Marot and Margaret of Valois. The general effect of this activity is hard to gauge : from Amsterdam and Berlin, Geneva and London, issued sermon, political pamphlet, controversial polemic ; but these efforts had no settled audience, they failed to win the ear of France. The same is true of their religious heroism ; though it seemed to be exactly what was wanted to strengthen the national character, the confessors were scattered, like the Jews, among the nations, and ceased to affect the progress of their fatherland. In the Revolution we can see traces of their mental and moral activity ; it may be that their day of influence is not yet over. For their history is a standing marvel, illustrating the abiding power of strong religious convictions, narrow in theory, pure in practice ; they have stood as much ill-usage as has befallen any branch of Christ s church. It remains for their descendants to show to France that their creed goes well with freedom and advance, that the religious instinct, so deeply implanted in man, is a true friend of orderly and rational national life. Religion which does not abuse its power, a freedom from divided allegiances, an aptitude for constitutional institutions, and an intelligent belief in the sovereignty of the people these are the elements which the Huguenots of to-day can bring to the service of the republic under which they dwell safely, none making them afraid, Authorities. Calvin, Institutio Christianas Religionis, KO&Lettres, ed. J. Bonnet, 1854; Haag, France Protestante, 1846; Meaux, Luttes rdigieuses au XVI. siecle, 1879; Arqnez, Assemblies politiques des Reformes, 1859 ; E. Hugues, Rcstauration de Protestantisme en France, 1875; Mignet, jZtablissemcnt . . . du Calvi/tisnie a Geneve; G. do Felice, Hist, des Protestants en France; E. Benoit, Hist, dc V fidit de Nantes ; C. Coquerel, ISylises du Desert ; A. Court, Troubles des Cevcnnes; Bonnemere, Hist, des Camisards; Guizot, Hist, de France, 1872 ; Merle d Aubigne, Reformation au XVI. siecle; Professor H. M. Baird, History of tfie Rise of the Hii juenots, 2 vols., 1880. (G. W. K.) HULL, or KiNGSTON-UPON-HuLL, a municipal and parliamentary borough, and one of the principal seaport towns of England, is, though a county in itself, locally within the East Riding of Yorkshire, situated in 53 44 N. lat. and 10 W. long., on the west side of the Hull, where it discharges into the estuary of the Humber, 20 miles from the German Ocean at Spurn Head. By rail it is 41| miles east-south-east of York. Branch lines of the North- Eastern Railway connect it with the principal towns in the East Riding ; and by means of the steam ferry across the Humber to New Holland it has communication with the Great Northern and the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railways. The town stands on a level plain so low as to render embankments necessary to protect it from inundation, and the flatness of the surrounding country as far as the eye can reach is unbroken by anything that can be properly termed an elevation. The older portion of the town, which is completely enclosed between the docks on the north and west and the Hull and Humber on the east and south, was originally very densely inhabited, and its streets were narrow and irregular, but in this respect it has lately undergone great improvements. The streets in the modern quarter are spacious and regular, and the villas of the wealthier classes occupy the suburbs. A pier front ing the Humber affords a pleasant promenade. To the north of the town there is a public park presented in I860 by Z. C. Pearson, then mayor of Hull. It is 27 acres in extent, is tastefully laid out, and contains full-sized marble statues of her Majesty the Queen and of the late Prince Consort. A botanic garden about 40 acres in ex tent was opened in 1880. There is a large public cemetery, which possesses separate chapels for churchmen and dis senters. The town is supplied with water from springs about 4 miles distant, two condensing engines of GO horse power each being employed in pumping it. The principal public buildings are the town-hall in Low- gate, completed in 1866 in the Italian Renaissance style, having a very richly adorned fa9ade, with a central dome 135 feet in height resting on eight arches, and containing a clock and bell ; the exchange in the same street, completed also in 1866, in a less ornate form of the Italian style, containing a hall 70 feet long by 40 feet wide, and the offices of the Hull chamber of commerce and the Hull guardian society for the protection of trade ; the corn exchange in High Street, a plain building with a great hall 157 feet long by 36 feet wide ; the custom-house in Whitefriargate ; Trinity House, a handsome brick build ing in the Tuscan style, erected in 1753 by the guild of Trinity House, originally established in 1369; Charter house, rebuilt in 1645, belonging to a foundation for the support " of the feeble and old," which was established by Sir Michael de la Pole in 1384; the dock offices, an elaborate building in the Italian style ; the royal institu tion, a large and beautiful edifice in the Roman Corinthian style, opened by Prince Albert in 1854, possessing a museum, a library of 40,000 volumes, and accommodation for the meetings of the literary and philosophical society; the new general post office, in the modern Italian style, opened in 1877 ; the prison, constructed on the new model principle, opened in 1869 ; the music-hall, in the Renais sance style ; the theatre royal, opened in 1873, a stuccoed structure with a handsome Corinthian front ; the public baths and washhouses, in the Tudor style, completed in 1850 at a cost of X12,000. The only church of special interest or architectural merit is that of Holy Trinity, on the west side of the market-place, a cruciform edifice in the floral Gothic style, originally founded at the end of the 13th century, but of various dates, and lately com pletely restored at a cost of over 30,000, having an extreme length of 272 feet, the breadth of the nave being 72 feet and that of the chancel 70 feet. It possesses a very fine west window, filled with stained glass in 1862 at a cost of 1000, and is surmounted at the intersection of the nave and transept by a noble tower, with finely decorated pinnacles, rising from the point of intersection to the height of 140 feet. St Mary s church in Lowgate, in the Perpendicular style, was originally founded in the beginning of the 14th century, but has been nearly all rebuilt since that period, the tower being erected in 1696, and the whole building restored in 1863-65 at a cost of 10,000. The principal educational establishments are the grammar school, founded in 1486 ; the Hull and East Riding college, a proprietary school for sons of gentlemen ; the Trinity House marine school, founded in 1716; Cogan s charity school for girls, founded in 1763; national, British, Catholic, Wesleyan, and school board schools ; a ragged and industrial school ; and the Humber industrial school ship " Southampton." Among the other institutions for ministering to the intellectual wants of the community are the school of science and art, the literary and philosophical society, the royal institution, the mechanics institution, the Hull church institute and library, the young people s Christian and literary institute, the Catholic institute, the Lyceum library and reading-room, and the literary club. The charities and benevolent founda tions are numerous, and, in addition to Charterhouse and Trinity House, already mentioned, include the infirmary, founded in 1782, and extended by the addition of two wings in 1840, and of detached fever wards in 1874; the
Hull and Sculcoates dispensary, founded in 1814; the
