342 H U L H U M extensively prosecuted, and, in addition to several small steamers, employs about 450 boats, with 2500 hands. Whale-fishing, once an important industry, is now discon tinued. The staple industry of Hull is seed-crushing for oil and cake making. It possesses extensive engineering works and foundries, large iron shipbuilding yards, rope-yards, sail-lofts, tanneries, breweries, flax ani cotton mills, chemical works, and manufactures of blue and black lead, paints, colours, and varnishes, Portland and Roman cement, phosphate of lime, tobacco, starch, paper, soap, furniture, and organs. The population of the parliamentary borough, which was 84,690 in 1851, had in 1871 reached 123,408. The population of ths municipal borough in 1861 was 97,661, and in 1871 it had increased to 121,892. The area of the municipal borough is 3635 acres, and of the parlia mentary 4447 acres. History. Hull originated in the two nearly contiguous villages of Myton and Wyke, the latter of which was a considerable port not long after the Norman Conquest. For some period the united village was known as Mytpn-Wyke, but even before the reign of Edward I. it is also occasionally mentioned as Hull. In 1298 Edward I., on returning from the battle of Dunbur, happened to pay it a visit, when, struck with its ad vantages as a commercial port, he purchased it from the abbot of Meaux, with the purpose of fortify ing it. He created the town a manor of itself, bestowed upon it the name of Kingston-upon-Hull, and issued a proclamation offering to all who settled in it special advantages. In 1299 it received a royal charter constituting it a free borough. About the same time the improvements on its harbour were completed, and from this period its increase in prosperity was rapid and uninterrupted. In 1316 a regular ferry was established between Hull and Barton in Lincoln shire, and a few years later the town was fortified with walls and ditches. Much of the early prosperity of the town was due to the enterprise of the famous merchants, the De la Poles, who were high in favour with successive mouarchs, and the head of which house was in 1385 created earl of Suffolk. Such was the importance of the town in the reign of Edward III. that in 1359 it supplied for the armament against France 16 ships and 466 seamen, the quota of London being 25 ships and 662 seamen, and that of Newcastle 17 ships and 314 seamen. In the reign of Richard II. the fortresses were repaired and a strong castle was erected on the east side of the river Hull. By Henry VI. additional charters were granted, erecting the town and liberties into a county in itself, under the designation of "The Town and County of the Town of Kingston-upon-Hull," constituting it a corporate town, and appointing, instead of a mayor and bailiffs, for its government a mayor, sheriff, and aldermen. In the Wars of the Roses it strenuously maintained the cause of Lancaster ; and so zealous was it in its loyalty that after the borough funds were exhausted additional money was raised by the sale of the materials of the market cross. In the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries it suffered greatly from the plague, and in 1527 and 1549 much damage was caused by inundations. During the insurrection in 1536 called the Pilgrimage of Grace, originated by the dissolution of the monasteries, Hull was seized by the insurgents, but, after the disper sion of the main body at Doncaster, the ringleaders in the town were seized by the magistrates and executed. During the second rebellion in Yorkshire in 1537 the town was taken possession of by the in surgents headed by Sir Robert Constable, and held for a month, but the loyal inhabitants, surprising them in the middle of the night, compelled them to surrender; many of them were executed, and the body of Sir Robert Constable was hung in chains over the Beverley gate. In 1 540 Hull was visited by Henry VII I. , who, after a careful survey of the town and neighbourhood, gave directions for the erec tion of a castle and other fortifications, for the cutting of a canal from Newland to Hull in order to provide "additions of fresh water," and for the improvement of Suffolk palace, originally erected by the Da la Poles, but since then acquired by the crown. During the parliamentary war the possession of Hull was an object of ambition to both parties on account of its importance as a depot for arms and military stores. In 1642 the governor, Sir John Hotham, refused to admit Charles I. into the town. In 1643 and 1644 it sus tained two long sieges and many vigorous attacks by the royalists. In 1534 Hull was made the see of a suffragan bishop, but the office was abolished on the death of Edward VI. By the 33d of Edward I. the town returned burgesses to parliament. The privi lege was afterwards for some time in abeyance till the 12th of Edward II., since which period it has returned two members. Among the eminent natives of Hull, besides the De la Poles, are Andrew Marvel], William Mason the friend of Gray the poet, William Wilberforce, and Major-General Perronet Thompson. The principal histories of Hull arc those of Gent, 1735, reprinted 18fi9 Hadley, 1788; Tickell, 1798; Frost, 1827; and Sheahan, 1804. See also Symons s High-street, Hull, some years since, and Biographical Sketches inter spersed with Historical Accounts of the Town, Ancient and Modern. &c., 1862; Wooley s Statutes relating to Kingston-upon-Hull, 1830; Syrnons s JIuliima, or Selections from Local History, 1872, and Sketches of Hull Authors, 1879. HULS, a town of Prussia, in the circle of Kempen, and government district of Diisseldorf, is situated at the terminus of a branch railway line to Crefeld and Diisseldorf, 4 miles north of Crefeld and 17 north-west of Diisseldorf. It possesses manufactures of damask and velvet, and in the neighbourhood ironstone is obtained. The population in 1875 was 6096. HULSE, JOHN (1708-1789), founder of the Hulsean lectureship at the university of Cambridge, was born at Middlewich, in Cheshire, in 1708. Entering St John s College, Cambridge, he graduated in 1728, and on taking holy orders was presented to a small country curacy. His father having died in 1753, Hulse succeeded to his estates in Cheshire, where, owing to feeble health, he lived in retirement till his death in 1789. He bequeathed his estates to Cambridge University for the purpose of main taining two scholars at St John s College, of founding a prize for a dissertation, and of instituting the offices of Christian advocate and of Christian preacher or Hulsean lecturer. By a statute in 1860 the Hulsean professorship of divinity was substituted for the office of Christian advocate, and the lectureship was considerably modified. The first course of lectures under the benefaction was delivered in 1820. In 1830 the number of annual lectures or sermons was reduced from twenty to eight ; subse quently they were restricted to four. The annual value of the Hulse endowment is between 800 and 900, of which eight-tenths go to the professor of divinity and one tenth to the prize and lectureship respectively. HUMBLE-BEE, a name applied by phonetic instinct under various inflexions (such as " Bumble-bee " in England provincially, and " Hummel" in Germany) to the large bees of the genus Bombus (which, like the French " Bourdon," is probably also suggested by the noise made by these insects). They belong to the social section of the great family Apidce, of which the common hive-bee is the type, and, like that well-known insect, live in colonies composed of the two sexes and neuters. Instead of a single female (or queen), however, many are found in one nest ; and the workers do not hibernate. The female also differs from the queen hive-bee in having dense fringes of hairs on the pollen-plates of the hind legs, and a widened base to the hind tarsi, a structure necessitated by her having to work single-handed at the commencement of the season, as the workers and males do not survive the winter. Early in the spring these large hibernated females may be observed on the wing, each becoming the founder of a fresh colony, in which the neuters are first produced. There are two kinds of females, the smaller one only producing male eggs, but not surviving the winter. The number of individuals in a colony varies with the different species, and as a rule is least in those building their nest above ground. In one very common subterranean species, fiombus terrestris, as many as 107 males, 56 females, and 180 workers have been found in one nest. There is considerable difference between the males, females, and neuters; the last two differ, however, but little except in size, whereas the males often exhibit a very varying coloration, and have structural peculiarities, such as an additional segment to the abdomen, longer antennae and tongue, no pollen-basket, &c. They have also no sting, whereas both female and worker are armed like the hive-bee. Great difficulty exists in referring these three constituents to their proper species, owing to individual variation, alteration with age, and the difficulty of seeing all the members of a colony at the same time ; so that
naturalists are not by any means agreed as to the specific
