380 HUNGARY [LITERATURE. 1664-71), by Julius Pauler (1876). Among the many historians of Magyar literature Francis Tolcly alias Schedel holds the foremost place. As compilers of useful manuals may be mentioned also Joseph Szvorenyi, Zoltan Beothy, Alexander Imre, Paul Jdmbor, Ladislaus Nevy, John Kb rnyei, and Joseph Szinnyei, junior. For philological and ethnographical research into the origin and growth of the language none excels Paul Hunfalvy. He is, moreover, the warm advocate of the theory of its Ugrio-Finnic origin, as estab lished by the late Uralian traveller Anthony Eeguly, the result of whose labours Hunfalvv published in 1864, under the title A Vogul fold is nep (The Vogul Land and People). Between 1862 and 1865 valuable philological studies bearing on the same subject were pub lished by Joseph Budenz in the Nijclvtudomdnyi kozlcmenyck (Phi lological Transactions). This periodical, issued by the academy, has during the last decade (1870-80) contained also comparative studies, by Arminius Vambery and Gabriel Balint, of the Magyar, Turkish-Tatar, and Mongolian dialects. As compilers and authors of works in various scientific branches allied to history, may be particularly mentioned in statistics and geography, Alexius Feiiyes, Emerie Palugyay, Alexander Konek, John Hunfalvy, Charles Galgoczy, Charles Keleti, Leo Beothy, Joseph Korosi, Charles Ballagi, and Paul Kiiiily, and, as regards Transyl vania, Ladislaus Kovary ; in travel, Arminius Vambery, Ignatius Goldziher, Ladislaus Magyar, John Xantus, John Jerney, Count Andrassy, Ladislaus Podmaniczky, Paul Hunfalvy ; in astronomy, Nicholas Konkoly ; in archreology, Bishop Arnold Ipolyi, Florian Romer, Emerie Henszlmann, John Brdy, Baron Albert Nyury, Francis Pulszky, and Francis Kiss ; in Hungarian mythology, Bishop Ipolyi, Anthony Csengery, 1 and Arpad Kerekgyarto ; in numismatics, John Erdy and Jacob Rupp ; and in jurisprudence, Augustus Karvassy, Theodore Pauler, Gustavus Wenczel, Emerie Csacsko, John Fogarasi, and Ignatius Frank. Since 1867 great activity has been displayed in history and its allied branches, owing to the direct encouragement given by the Hungarian Historical Society, and by the historical, archaeological, and statistical com mittees of the academy. Notwithstanding the exertions of Paul Bugat to arouse an in terest in the natural sciences by the establishment in 1841 of the "Hungarian Koyal Natural Science Association," no general acti vity was manifested in this department of knowledge, so far as the native literature was concerned, until 1860, when the academy or ganized a special committee for the advancement of mathematical and natural science. 2 The principal contributors to the "Transac tions " of this section of the academy have been for anatomy and physiology, Coloman Balogh, Eugene Jendrassik, Joseph Len- hossek, and Lewis Thanhoffer ; for zoology, John Frivaldszky, John Kriesch, .and Theodore Margo ; for botany, Frederick Hazs- linszky, Lewis Juranyi, and Julius Klein ; for mineralogy and geology, Joseph Szabo, Max Hantken, Joseph Krenner, Anthony Koch, and Charles Hoffmann ; for physics, Baron Lorando Eb t- vos, Coloman Szily, and Joseph Sztoczek ; for chemistry, Charles Than and Vincent Wartha ; for meteorology, Guido Schenzl. As good text-books, for which the so-called "Ladies Prize" was awarded by the academy, we may mention the Tcrmiszettan (Physics) and Termeszcttani foldrajz (Physical Geography) of Julius Greguss. Almost simultaneously with the formation of the above-mentioned committee of the academy, the "Natural Science Association" 1 The translator of Macaulay. 2 See, however, J. Szinnyei and Son s Bibliotlicca Hungarica historic natnralis et mat/ieseos, 1472-1875 (Budapest, 1,878), where the number of Magyar works tearing on the natural sciences and mathematics printed from the earliest date to the end of 1870 is stated to be 3811, of which IOC are referred to periodicals. showed signs of renewed animation, and soon advanced with rapid strides in the same direction, but with a more popular aim than the academy. This may be seen from the fact that between 1868 and 1878 the number of its members increased from some 600 to about 5000. Since 1872, in addition to its regular organs, it has issued Hungarian translations of several popular scientific English works, as, for instance, Darwin s Origin of Species ; Huxley s Lessons in Physiology; Lubbock s Prehistoric Times; Proctor s Other Worlds than Ours; Tyndall s Heat as a Mode of Motion, &c. Versions have also been made of Cotta s Geologic der Gegenwart and Helm- holtz s Popularc Vorlcsungcn. As important original monographs we note Az drafidly a Flumci obolben (Ebb and Flow in the Gulf of Fiume), by Emil Stahlberger (1874); Magyar or szdg p6k- faundja (The Arachnida of Hungary), by Otto Hermann (1876-78); Magyarorszdg vaskdvci es vastcrmemjci (The Iron Ores and Iron Products of Hungary), by Anthony Kerpely (1877); Magyarors~dcj ncvczctcscbb doluinyfajainak chcmiai . . . mcgvizsgdldsa (Chemical Examination of the most famous Tobaccos of Hungary), by Dr Thomas Kosutany (1877). In order to give a general idea of the dominant position that the native Hungarian literature has obtained during the last half cen tury, we conclude our sketch with a few statistics of the number of books and periodicals issued from the press at various dates since the foundation of the academy. In the year 1831 there were 184 Magyar works published ; in 1853 there were 336 ; this number in 1874 increased to 946 ; in 1877 to 1067 ; and in 1878 and 1879 to 1312 and 1154 respectively. In 1879 there appeared also 111 German works, and 185 in other non-Magyar languages. In 1830 the number of Magyar periodicals was 10 ; in 1848-49 it increased to 80, but fell in 1850 to 9. In 1867, after the restoration of th<? Hungarian constitution, the number was again 80, and increased so rapidly during the next twelve years that by 1879 it reached 324, and has in the present year (1880) risen to 368. There are now, moreover, 197 newspapers and journals of all kinds in the non- Magyar languages, viz., 114 German, 61 Slavonic, 16 Roumanian, 4 Italian, and 2 Hebrew ; so that there are at this date altogether 565 periodicals published in Hungary. If we take a retrospective glance at the depressed state of the native language and literature as it was a century ago, when the first Magyar newspaper was published at Pozsony, 1st January 1780, 3 and contrast its commanding position now, or if we con sider that, though constantly surrounded and pressed by foreign and antagonistic elements, the native language and literature have not only not been overpowered, but have even gained the mastery, we cannot fail to admire the determined perseverance of the champions of Magyar literature, and believe that the state language is destined to be a common and enduring bond of union between the various nationalities comprised under the crown of St Stephen. Bibliography. The best authorities on Magyar literature are: F. Tolcly, A Magyar nemzeti irodalom tortenete a legreyibb-idoktol ajelenkorig (Post, 1804-65; 3d ed.. 1872); S. Imre, A Magiiar irodalom e s nyf.lv riii id tortenete (Debi cozen, 180") ; 4th ed., 1878): J. Szvorenyi, Magyar iroda/ini itemelvenyelc (Vest, 1807), and A Magyar irodalmi taiiu/tnani/ok keziktinyve (1 cst, 18(58); P. Jiitnbor, A Magyar irodalom tortenete (Pest, 1864); J. Kornyei, A Magyar nemzeti irodalomtiirtenet rdzlata (Pest, 1861; 3d ed., 1874); A. Lonkay, A Magyar irodalom ismertetese (Buda n, 1855; 3d ed., Pest. 1864); J. Ferencz, Magyar irodalom PS tudowdnyoadg tortentte (Pest, 1854); J. Ferencz e s J. Danielik, Magyar Irok. Etetntjz-Gtiute- meny (2 vols., Pest, 1856-58); and the literary histories of L. Ne"vy, Z. Beothy, and B. Erodi. One of the most useful monographs on Magyar Literary History Writing " is that of J. Szinnyei, junior, ,4 Magyar IrodalomtSrtenet-lrds ismer- tete se (Budapest, 1878). For information as to the most recent literature sea A. Dux, Aus Unyarn (Leipsic, 1880). (E. D. BU.) 3 A Latin periodical, intended only for transmission abroad, and styled Mer- curius Veridicut ex ffungaria, was issued weekly at Kassa as early as 1705. A German periodical was first published in Hungary about 1731. INDEX. Academy of sciences, 366, 371, 377, 380. Agriculture, 304. Arany, John, 378. Arms, 367. Arpad dynasty, 367. Banks, 366. Batthyitnyi, 371, 373. Belgrade, 368. Bern, General, 372. Bible, codices and ver sions, 375, 376. Buda, 369, 370, 372. Canals, 3G2. Carlowitz, peace of, 370. Caverns, 362. Charles III., 370. Chronicles, Latin, 375. " Classical " school, 376. Climate, 363. Communication, 366. Corvinus (Hunyady), 368. Counties and county towns, 364. Crown, 367. Dertk, Francis, 373. Debreczen diet, 372. Dembinski, General, 372. Dictionaries, 375. Didactic poetry, 376-378. Divisions, administrative, 364; general, 361. Drama, 376-378. Education, 365. Epic poetry, 376-378. Fauna, 363. Ferdinand I., 369; IT., 369; III, 370; V., 371. Fiction, 378, 379. Flora, 363. Francis L, 371. Francis Joseph, 372-374. " French " school, 376. Geography and statistics, 361 367. Geology, 361. " Golden Bull," 368. Gin-gel, General, 372, 373. Government, 366. Grammars, 375. Hapsburg dynasty, 369 Historians, 379 History, 367-374. Hunyady, John, 368. Independence, declara tion of, 372. Jcllachieh, General, 372. Jokai, Maurice, 379. Joseph I., 370; II., 370. Journals, 377, 380. Jurisprudence, writers on, 377. 380. Justice, 366. Kapolna, battle of, 372. Kazinczy, Francis, 377 Kenye nnezo, battle of, 369. Kisfaludy, Alexr., 377 ; Chas., 377. Kisfaludy Society, 366, 371, 377. Klapka, General, 372, 373. Ko lcsey, Francis, 377. Korb si-Coma, 374. Kossuth, 371-373. Ladislaus I., 368 ; V., 363. Lakes, 362. Language, 374, 375. Leopold L, 370; II., 371. Linz, treaty of, 370. Literature, 375-380. Louis I., the Great, 368. Lyric poetry, 376-378. Magyar language, 374- 377. Magyar literature, his torians of, 380 ; re generation of, 376. Manufactures, 366. Maria and Sigismond, 368. Maria Theresa, 370. Matthias L, 368 ; II., 369. Maximilian, 369. Military Frontier, 361. Minerals, 363. Monies, battle of, 369. Mountains, 361. " National " school, 377. Nikolsburg, treaty of, 3(19. Passarowitz, treaty of,370. Pa zmrfn, Peter, 369, 376. Petiift, Alexander, 378. Philological authors, 376, 377, 380. Philosophy, writers on, 377, 379. Plains, 301. Political literature, 3*1. Population, 364. Post-office, 366. Races, 3Gr>. Rcguly, Anthony, 374. Religion, 365. Revolutionary war, 372. Rivers 362. Rudolph r., 369. St Gotthard, battle of, 370. Scientific literature, 379 380. Seaports, 303. Servian-Brfnat, 361. Shakespeare, translators of, 377, 378. Stephen L, 367, 368. Szatmiir, treaty of, 370. Szechenyi, 371, 377. Sziget, siege of, 309. Uladislaus I., 368; II., 369. Universities, 366. Varna, battle of, 368. Velencze, battle of, 372. Vcrboczy, lav.s of, 369, 376. Vienna, peace of, 369. Vila gos, surrender at, 373. Vine produce, 363, 364. Vorosmarty, Michael, 378. Wcsscle nyi, 370. Windischgriitz, 372.
Za polya, John, 369.
