412 H U T H U T entrusted a large number of fossils of his own collecting, along with a mass of manuscript notes, for arrangement and publication. A misunderstanding as to the manner in which these should be dealt with was the immediate occa sion of the publication by Hutchinson in 1724 of Moses s Principia, part i., in which Woodward s Natural History was bitterly ridiculed, his conduct with regard to the mineralogical specimens not obscurely characterized, and a refutation of the Newtonian doctrine of gravitation seriously attempted. It was followed by part ii. in 1727, and by various other works published at frequent intervals. Hutchinson died in 1737. A complete edition of all the publications of this author, along with his posthumous pieces, edited by liobert Spearman and Julius Bate, appeared in 1748 (12 vols.) ; an Abstract of these followed in 1753 ; and a Siqiplement, with Life by Spearman pre fixed, in 1765. Although the crude ideas of Hutchinson at the time of their first promulgation were successful, by their seeming devoutness, in com mending themselves to some of the pious but dim-sighted and over- timid souls of that period, who had taken alarm at the atheistic conclusions they believed to be deducible from the Newtonian doc trines, they are now too uninflucntial, as well as too glaringly incon sistent with the universally recognized principles of physics and philology, to call for any detailed analysis. Their nature may be almost sufficiently gathered from the titles of some of the works in which they are set forth, such as Moses s Principia, Parti. ; of the Invisible Parts of Matter, of Motion, of Visible Forms, and of their Dissolution and Reformation; Moses s Principia, Part II. ; of the Circulation of the Heavens; of the Cause of the Motion and Course of the Earth, Moon, etc. ; of tJie Religion, Philosophy, and Emblems of the Heathens before Moses writ, ami of the Jews after ; in Con firmation of the Natural History of the Bible ; Moses s Sine Prin- cipio, represented by Names, Words, Types, Emblems ; with an introduction to show the Nature of the Fall, of Paradise, and of the Body and Soul ; The Confusion of Tongues and Trinity of the Gentiles (being an account of the origin of Idolatry) ; Power Essen tial and Mechanical, or wliat power belongs to God and what to his creatures, in which the design of Sir I. Newton and Dr Samuel Clarke is laid open ; Glory or Gravity, wherein the Objects nnd Articles of the Christian Faith are exhibited ; The Religion of Satan, or Antichrist Delineated. Bishop Home of Norwich, it may be mentioned, was during some of his earlier years an avowed Hutchin- sonian ; and Jones of Nayland continued to be so to the end of his life. HUTCHINSON, THOMAS (1711-1780), governor of the province of Massachusetts, son of a wealthy merchant of Boston, was born there September 9, 1711. The son, being unsuccessful in commerce, studied law, and adopted it as his profession. He was representative of Boston in the general court for ten years, and was three times chosen speaker. From 1749 to 17G6 he was a counsellor, in 1752 he was appointed judge of probate, from 1758 to 1771 he was lieutenant-governor, and in 1760 he became chief justice. In 1748 he carried a measure to substitute gold and silver for the paper currency, which had depreciated one-eighth in value. During the Stamp Act riots of 1765 his house was sacked by the mob ; and by his subsequent support of the general policy of the British Government he incurred increasing unpopularity. In 1767 he laid claim to a seat in the council on the ground of being lieutenant- governor, but on account of his political views his claims were set aside. On his appointment to the governorship of Massachusetts in 1769, he used every method to support the measures which the mother country sought to enforce against the colonists ; and in December 1773, on account of his refusal to permit the reshipment of teas on which a duty had been laid by the Government, several of the inhabitants of Boston emptied the tea into the bay. In January 1774 Hutchinson asked leave to resign his office, and in June he sailed to England, where he spent the remainder of his life. As the result of official inquiry into his conduct while governor of Massachusetts, he was re warded with a pension. He died at Brompton in June 1780. Hutchinson was the aiithor of the following works: A Brief Statement of the Claim of the Colonies, 1764; Collection of Original Papers relative to the History of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, 1769; History of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay from 1628 to 1750, 2 vols., London, 1765-67; History of Massachusetts from 1749 to 1774, published posthumously in 1828. HUTTEN, ULRICH VON (1488-1523), is one of those men who, like Erasmus or Pirckheimer, form the bridge between Humanists and Reformers. He lived with both, sympathized with both, though he died before the Reforma tion had time fully to develop itself. His life may be divided into four parts: his youth and cloister-life (1488- 1504) ; his wanderings in pursuit of knowledge (1504- 1515); his strife with Ulrich of Wurtemburg (1515-1519) ; and his connexion with the Reformation (1519-1523). Each of these periods had its own special antagonism, which coloured Hutten s career : in the first, his horror of dull monastic routine ; in the second, the ill-treatment he met with at Greifswald ; in the third, the crime of Duke Ulrich ; in the fourth, his disgust with Rome and with Erasmus. He was born April 21, 1488, at the castle of Steckelberg, near Fulda, in Franconia, the eldest son of a poor and not undistinguished knightly family. As he was mean of stature and sickly his father destined him for the cloister, and he was sent to the Benedictine house at Fulda ; the thirst for learning there seized on him, and in 1504 he fled from the monastic life, and won his freedom with the sacrifice of his worldly prospects, and at the cost of incurring his father s undying anger. From the Fulda cloister he went first to Cologne, next to Erfurt, and then to Frank- fort-on-the-Oder on the opening in 1506 of the new uni versity of that town ; there in that year he appears to havo graduated in philosophy. When, however, the scholastic party displaced the Humanists, he wandered forth again ; in 1508 we find him a shipwrecked beggar on the Pomeranian coast. In 1509 the university of Greifswald welcomed him; "Ulricus Huttenus poeta clericus Herbipolensis gratis intitulatus quia spoliatus omnibus bonis" is the honour able record on the books of this his second Alma Mater. Here too the friends who at first received him so kindly became his foes ; the sensitive ill-regulated youth, who took the liberties of genius, wearied his burgher patrons ; they could not brook the poet s airs and vanity, and ill-timed assertions of his higher rank. Wherefore he left Greifs wald, and as he went was robbed of clothes and books, his only baggage, by the servants of his late friends ; in the dead of winter, half starved, frozen, penniless, he reached Rostock. Here again the Humanists, who were throughout full of charity and sympathy towards the luckless young scholar, received him gladly, and under their protection he wrote against his Greifswald patrons, thus beginning the long list of his satires and fierce attacks on personal or public foes. Rostock could not hold him long ; he wandered on to Wittenberg and Leipsic, and thence to Vienna, where he hoped to catch the emperor Maximilian s favour by an elaborate national poem on the war with Venice. But neither Maximilian nor the university of Vienna would lift hand for him, and he passed into Italy, that holy land of Humanist enthusiasm, where, at Pavia, he sojourned throughout 1511 and part of 1512. In the latter year his studies were rudely interrupted by war ; in the siege of Pavia by papal troops and Swiss, he was plundered by both sides, and escaped sick and penniless to Bologna ; on his recovery he even took service as a private soldier in the emperor s army. This dark period lasted no long time; in 1514 he was again in Germany, where, thanks to his poetic gifts and the friendship of Eitelwolf von Stein, he won the favour of the elector of Mainz, Archbishop Albert of Brandenburg. Here high dreams of a learned career rose on him ; Mainz
should be made the metropolis of a grand Humanist move-
