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didactic and exegetical theology, to which subjects that of polemic theology was added in 1852, and this office he held to the day of his death. In 1825 he established a quarterly publication entitled the Biblical Repertory, designed to furnish translations and reprints of the best contemporaneous foreign essays on theological and religious subjects. On his return from Europe in 1828 he changed it into a vehicle for publishing original theological essays and reviews, and added the words Princeton Revieiv to its title. He secured for it the position of theological organ of the old school division of the Presbyterian Church, and continued its principal editor and contributor until 1868. He contributed over 130 articles on subjects ranging through every department of theology and ecclesiology, and all the great practical, ecclesiastical, moral, and national questions of the day. From 1835 to 1868 he wrote yearly an article reviewing the action of each general assembly, which series has exerted a powerful influence over the current opinion and history of the church to which he belonged. The most important of these have been repub- lished in Gre.it Britain and in America, in volumes, under the titles of Hodge s Essays, Princeton Theological Essays, ani Hodge s C/iurch Polity. He was made doctor of divinity by Rutgers College, N.J., in 1834, moderator of the general assembly (O.S.) in 1846, member of the com mittee to revise the Book of Discipline of the Presbyterian Church iti 1858, and LL.D. by Washington College, Pa., in 1864. April 24, 1872, the fiftieth anniversary of his election to his professorship, was observed in Princeton as his jubilee by between 400 and 500 representatives of his 3000 pupils, when he received congratulatory addresses and letters from all the Presbyterian theological faculties of Scotland and Ireland, and from a majority of those belonging to the various Evangelical churches of America. He continued to instruct his classes uninterruptedly up to the time of his death in Princeton, June 19, 1878. The main characteristics of Hodge were strength and persistence of conviction and of purpose, logical clearness and sym metry of thought and style, energy and effective vigour in the defence of his convictions and in assaults upon what ha considered error, sunny cheerfulness of disposition, and

humility, tenderness, and gentleness of heart and manner.

Besides his carticles in the Princeton Review, he published a Com mentary on the Epistle to the Romans, Phila., 1835, abridged 1836, rewritten and enlarged 1866; Constitutional History of the Presby terian Church in the United States, 2 vols., 1840-41; The Way of Life, 1842; Commentaries on Ephcsians, 1856, 1 Corinthians, 1857, 2 Corinthians, 1860; Systematic Theology, probably the best of all modern expositions of Calvinistic dogmatic, 3 vols., 2200 pp., 1871- 73 ; What is Darwinism ? 1874 ; and there have been published since his death Hodge s Church Polity, 1878, and Conference Papers, 1879.

HODGKINSON, Eaton (1789–1861), a distinguished engineer, was the son of a farmer, and was born at Anderton near Northwich, Cheshire, 26th February 1789. He re ceived his first stimulus to the study of mathematics at the grammar school of North wich, and this interest was further quickened by the instructions of Dr Dalton at Manchester, whither he had removed in 1811, and where, instead of following his original purpose to study for the church, he was assisting his widowed mother to establish a business. For several years he carried on mechanical researches and experiments, but his first discovery of importance was that of a new form of iron girder, by which a gain of two-fifths in strength was obtained over that formerly in use. After this he carried on investigations of a similar character in conjunction with Sir William Fairbairn, who greatly pro fited by his suggestions and assistance in some of his more important inventions. In 1840 Hodgkinson com municated a paper to the Royal Society on Experimental Researches on the Strength of Pillars of Cast-iron and other Materials in recognition of which he in 1841 received the royal medal, and was also elected a fellow. His formula} for solid and hollow pillars soon obtained general adop tion in all engineering class-books. Subsequently he was employed by Stephenson to verify the experiments of Fairbairn on wrought-iron tubes, with a view to the con struction of the Britannia Bridge ; and for his co-operation in this work he received a silver medal at the Paris Exhibi tion of 1855. In 1847 he was appointed professor of the mechanical principles of engineering in University College, London. In 1848 he was chosen president of the Manchester Philosophical Society, of which he had been a member since 1826, and to which, both previously and subsequently, he contributed many of the more important results of his discoveries. For several years he took an active part in the discussions of the Institution of Civil Engineers, of which he was elected an honorary member in 1851. He died at Eaglesfield House, near Manchester, 18th June 1861. The name of Hoclgkinson will always be associated with those of Fairbairn and Stephenson, and without his assistance it may safely be affirmed that the most brilliant achievements of both would have been im possible.

HÓDMEZÖ-VÁSÁRHELY, a corporate town in the county of Csongrad, Hungary, is situated on the lake Hod, and on the Alfbld Railway, about 90 miles S.E. of Budapest, 46 27 N. lat., 20 22 E. long. The town is large and rapidly improving, and has many public buildings. Of these the most noteworthy are the town- hall, the Roman Catholic, Greek, and Protestant (one Lutheran and two Calvinist) churches, the Jews syna gogue, the Protestant gymnasium, and the royal law courts. H6dmezb-Viisarhely possesses also many elegant private residences, two hospitals, two banks, and several literary institutions, and has a flourishing trade. The soil of the surrounding country is exceedingly fertile, the chief pro ducts being wheat, mangcorn, barley, oats, millet, maize, and various descriptions of fruit, especially melons. Exten sive vineyards, yielding large quantities of both white and red grapes, skirt the town, which has also a fine public garden. The horned cattle and horses of Hodmezb- Vasarhely are considered the best in the Alfold ; sheep and pigs are also extensively reared. The commune is protected from inundations of the Theiss by an enormous dike, but the town, nevertheless, sometimes suffers considerable damage during the spring floods. In 1870 the population was 49,153, chiefly Magyars.

HODOGRAPH is the name given to a geometrical construction which greatly facilitates the study of kinematical questions. It was invented by Sir William Rowan Hamilton about 1845, and the first account of it, writ ten by him, is to be found in the Proc. It. I. A. for 1846.

Fig. 1.

The hodograph may be

thus defined: [f a point be in motion in any orbit and with any velocity, and if, at each instant, a line be drawn from a fixed point parallel and equal to the velocity of the mov ing point at that instant, the extremities of these Fig. 1. lines will lie on a curve called the hodograph. Let PP,P- 2 be the path of the moving point, and let OT, Ol, Ol, be drawn from the fixed point O parallel and equal to the velocities at P, P p P., respectively, then the locus of T is

Hie hodograph of the orbit described by P (fig. ]).