H Y P H Y P 597 324 B.C., Hyperides supported Demosthenes in the struggle against Macedon ; but in the affair of Harpalus he was one of the ten public prosecutors of Demosthenes, and on the exile of his former leader he became the head of the patriotic party (see DEMOSTHENES). He was the chief promoter of the Lamian War against Antipater and Craterus. After the decisive defeat of Crannon, 322 B.C., Hyperides with the other orators demanded by Antipater was condemned to death by the subdued Athenians, but fled to JEgina, and thence into sanctuary in the temple of Demeter at Hermione. Antipater s emissaries dragged him forth to be put to death at Athens. Hyperides was an ardent pursuer of "the beautiful," which in his time generally meant pleasure and luxury. His temper was easy-going and humorous ; and hence, though in his development of the periodic sentence he followed Isocrates, the essential ten dencies of his style are those of Lysias, whom he surpassed, however, in the richness of his vocabulary and in the variety of his powers. His diction was plain and forcible, though he occasionally indulged in long compound words probably borrowed from the Middle Comedy, with which, and with the everyday life of his time, he was in full sympathy. His composition was simple. He was specially distinguished^for subtlety of expression, grace, and wit, as well as for tact in approaching his case and handling his subject matter. Professor Jebb sums up the criticism of Longinus in the phrase " Hyperides was the Sheridan of Athens." Of his lost speeches we should perhaps regret most the A-qAtcxKo s, on the presidency of the Delian temple claimed by Athens and Delos, which was adjudged by the Amphictyons to Athens. The extant works of Hyperides are 1, Fragment of the &-rcooyia vntp A.vi(6<ppovos, Pro Lycophrone, delivered before 349 B.C., incidentally interesting as throwing light on the order of marriage processions and other details of Athenian life, and on the Athenian government of Lemnos ; 2, "f-rrep Evtviinrov fl<rayytias inrooyia irpbs UoKvevK-rov, Pro Euxenippo, about 330 B.C., nearly perfect (a locus classicus on eiffayyeiai) ; 3, fragments of the Kara Afi/noffdevovs, In Dcmosthcncm, see above ; 4, a considerable portion of the yos firirti(pios, Oratio Funebris, over Leosthencs and his comrades who fell in the Lamian war, 322 B.C., after Antiphilus s victory over Leonnatus at Melitea. This is an elevated panegyric in the style of Isocrates, but in invention and sentiment the best specimen we have of epideictic oratory. Of the epilogue a portion is preserved by Stobceus only. The MSS. are papyri those of the first two speeches found by Joseph Arden, January 1847, that of the third speech by A. C. Harris, 1847, of the last by the Rev. H. Stobart, 1856, all at Thebes in Egypt. They are among the oldest extant MSS., dating within the limits 300 B.C. and 300 A.D. Principal Editions. All the remains, F. Blass, Leipsic, 1809 : Aoy. en-tracf.. and vTrep Eufei/., J. C. Cobet, Leydcn, 1877 ; Kara ATJJU. (with facsimile of MS.), A. C. Harris, London, 1877 ; Kara Ai)^., Professor Churchill Babington, London, 1850 ; Orations for Lye. and for Euxen. (with facsimile of MS.), Id., Cambridge, 1853; The Funeral Oration, Id., ib. t 1859. See also Oratores Attici, J. G. Baiter and II. Sauppe, 18.50. Translations. German, W. S. Teuffel, Stuttgart, 1865-69 ; French, Euxen., I860, Or. Fun., 1858, II. Cafflaux, Valenciennes. See Egger in Mem. de I Acad.des Jnscript. et Bdles Lettres, 1870; W. Tio bst In Neue Jahrb. /. class. Pliilol., 1S7C; Herm. Hager in Curtius s Gram. Stud., 1870; Journ. of Philology, Cambridge, 1872-73; Miilily in Xeue Jahrb. f. class. P/titot. u. Padagor;., 1872; Professor It. C. Jcbb, The Attic Orators (vol. ii., ch. xxii., pp. 381-D2), London, 187G; G. Boehnecke, Demosthenes, Lykurgos, ////- verities, und ihr Zeitalte.r, Berlin, 1874. There is a Kussian study by A. N. Schwarz, on the speecli for Euxenippus, published at Moscow, 1875. HYPERTROPHY (from faep, over, and rpo^r/, nourish ment), a term in medicine employed to designate an abnormal increase in bulk of one or more of the organs or component tissues of the body. In its strict sense this term can only be applied where the increase affects the natural textures of a part, and is not applicable where the enlargement is due to the presence of some extraneous morbid formation. Hypertrophy of a part may manifest itself either by simply an increase in the size of its constituents, or by this combined with an increase in their number (hyperplasia). In many instances both are as sociated. The conditions giving rise to hypertrophy are the reverse of those already described as producing ATROPHY (q.v.). They are concisely stated by Sir James Paget as being chiefly or only three, namely : (1) the increased exercise of a part in its healthy functions ; (2) an increased accu mulation in the blood of the particular materials which a part appropriates to its nutrition or in secretion ; and (3) an increased afflux of healthy blood. Illustrations are furnished of the first of these conditions by the high development of muscular tissue under habitual active exercise ; of the second in the case of obesity, which j is an hypertrophy of the fatty tissues, the elements of j which are furnished by the blood ; and of the third in the J occasional overgrowth of hair in the neighbourhood of parts which are the seat of inflammation. Obviously there fore, in many instances, hypertrophy cannot be regarded as a deviation from health, but rather on the contrary as indicative of a high degree of nutrition and physical power. Even in those cases where it is found associated with dis ease, it is often produced as a salutary effort of nature to compensate for obstructions or other difficulties which have arisen in the system, and thus to ward off evil consequences. No better example of this can be seen than in the case of certain forms of heart disease, where from defect at some of the natural orifices of that organ the onward flow of the blood is interfered with, and would soon give rise to serious embarrassment to the circulation, were it not that behind the seat of obstruction the heart gradually becomes hypertrophied, and thus acquires greater propelling power to overcome the resistance in front. Again, it has been noticed, in the case of certain double organs such as the kidneys, that when one has been destroyed by disease the other has become hypertrophied to such a degree as enables it to discharge the functions of both. Hypertrophy may, however, in certain circumstances constitute a disease, as in GOITRE and ELEPHANTIASIS | (q.v.), and also in the case of certain tumours and growths (such as cutaneous excrescences, fatty tumours, mucous | polypi, &c.), which are simply enlargements of normal i textures. Hypertrophy does not in all cases involve an increase in bulk; for, just as in atrophy there may be no diminution in the size of the affected organ, so in hyper trophy there may be no increase. This is apt to be the j case where certain only of the elements of an organ undergo increase, while the others remain unaffected or are actually atrophied by the pressure of the hypertro phied tissue, as is seen in the disease known as cirrhosis of the liver. A spurious sort of hypertrophy is observed in the rare disease to which M. Duchenne has applied the name of pseudo-hypertrophic paralysis. This ailment, which ap pears to be confined to children, consists essentially of a progressive loss of power accompanied with a remarkable enlargement of certain muscles or groups of muscles, more rarely of the whole muscular system. This increase of bulk is, however, not a true hypertrophy, but rather an excessive development of connective tissue in the substance of tho muscles, the proper texture of which tends in con sequence to undergo atrophy or degeneration. The appear ance presented by a child suffering from this disease is striking. The attitude and gait are remarkably altered, the child standing with shoulders thrown back, small of the back deeply curved inwards, and legs wide apart, while walking is accompanied with a peculiar swinging or rock ing movement. The calves of the legs, the buttocks, the muscles of the back, and occasionally other muscles, are seen to be unduly enlarged, and contrast strangely with the general feebleness. The progress of the disease is marked by increasing failure of locomotory power, and ultimately by complete paralysis of the limbs. The malady is little amenable to treatment, and, although often pro- i longed for years, generally proves fatal before the period
of maturity.
