70(5 I L L I L L 1878 the receipts of revenue for schools amounted to $9,634,727, the expenditure to $7,526,109. The number of children in the State (1878) of the school age, six to twenty-one years, was 1,102,021 ; of these 706,733 were enrolled as attending the public schools, and 41,406 as attending private and parochial schools ; total attending schools, 748,139. The whole number of school districts in the State was 1 1,714 ; male teachers 9475, female teachers 12,817, teachers in private schools 1017 total teachers 23,309. Salaries of male teachers range from $15 to $225 per month, of female teachers from $10 to $115 per month. Five months in each year is the minimum term of the public schools, ten months the general term. Except the income from invested funds, school revenues are obtained from direct taxation. The State has established two normal universities, providing the buildings and grounds, one at Normal, M Lean county, the other at Carbondale, Jackson county. There is an industrial university at Champaign, maintained and liberally endowed by the State. There are also several other universities and colleges, includ ing medical and theological, in various parts of the State. All schools supported in whole or in part by public money must be non-sectarian in their instruction and government. Under the general supervision of a board of chanties, the State maintains four hospitals for the insane, at Jack sonville, Elgin, Anna, and Kankakee ; an institution for educating the blind, and one for educating the deaf and dumb, both at Jacksonville; an asylum for imbecile chil dren ; an eye and ear infirmary ; a home for soldiers orphans ; and a correctional or reformatory school for boys. All these institutions are provided with spacious grounds and extensive buildings. The annual expenditure for the maintenance of these charities is about $1,000,000. This does not include the cost of buildings and grounds, on which over $5,000,000 have been expended. Several other asylums for the insane are maintained by local authorities. The population of Illinois, which now comprises 102 counties, was as follows at the dates given : 1800 2,453 1810 12,282 1820 55,162 1830 157,445 1840 476,183 The following cities had a population in 1880 exceeding 5000 : 1850 851,470 1860 1,711,951 1870 2,539,891 1880 3,080,824 Chicago 503,304 Peoria 29,315 Quincy 27,275 Springfield 19,746 Bloomington 17,184 Joliet 16,145 Rockford 13,136 Aurora 11,825 Rock Island 11,660 Galesburg 11,446 Jacksonville 10,927 Belleville 10,682 East St Louis 10,054 Decatur ...................... 9,449 Cairo ........................... 9,017 Elgin .......................... 8,606 Galena ......................... 8,205 Streator ...................... 8,088 Ottawa ........................ 8,010 Danville ...................... 7,751 Moline ........................ 7,7-JO LaSalle ....................... 7,250 Pekin .......................... 6,508 Mattoon ....................... 6,106 Kankakee ..................... 6,027 Sterling ....................... 5,841 Princeton ..................... 5,440 Monmouth ................... 5,004 Freeport 10,016 Alton 9,500 The density of the population in 1880 was 55 -6 persons per square mile. (j. w. s. J. ME.) ILLUMINATI, or " Enlightened," is a title which at different times has been given to, or assumed by, various sects or orders of mystics, on the ground of the superior knowledge of God and of divine things which they claimed. Among these may be mentioned that of the Spanish " Alombrados " or " Alumbrados," which arose about the year 1520, and which before its final disappearance about a century later afforded numerous victims to the Inquisition, especially at Cordova. Ignatius Loyola, while a student at Salamanca (1527), was tried by an ecclesiastical com mission for alleged sympathy with its views, but was acquitted with an admonition. Under the name of Illumines a similar sect appeared in Picardy in 1623, and afterwards entered into close relations with the Guerinets or followers of Pierre Gue rin ; but by its anti- nomianism it soon provoked repressive measures, to which it finally succumbed in 1635. The history of another sect of Illumines, which appeared in the south of France about 1722, is very obscure, but it is said to have subsisted until 1794. The title of Illuminati has often been popularly bestowed also on Rosicrucians, Martinists, and Sweden- borgians ; but one of the most recent as well as most important applications of this elastic word has been to denote a secret society, or semi-political semi-religious order, which made some stir in Germany, especially in the southern and Catholic portions of it, from 1776 to 1784. It was founded on May 1, 1776, by Adam Weishaupt, professor of canon law at Ingolstadt, and an ex-Jesuit, and set before it as its general purpose the discouragement of tyranny, superstition, and ignorance, and the furtherance of the cause of reason, freedom, and virtue. The name originally assumed for the order was the Society of the Perfectibilists (Gesellschaft der Perfectibilisten). Politi cally its tendencies were republican, and in religion it was free-thinking, having a distinct aversion to Christian ritual and Christian dogmas alike. The entire subserviency of its members (who on admission were pledged to blind obedience to the orders of their superiors) was secured by a strict system of secret confessions and monthly reports, checked by mutual espionage. Beginning with a narrow circle of disciples carefully chosen from among his own students, Weishaupt gradually extended his propaganda from Ingolstadt to Eichstiidt, Freising, Munich, and else where, special attention being given to the enlistment of young men of wealth, rank, and social importance. As the order increased in numbers its organization naturally became more complicated, and was ultimately considerably influenced by the intimate relations which were established with masonic lodges at Munich and Freising in 1780. About the same time an important impulse was given to its prosperity in middle and northern Germany by the ambition and energy of a newly acquired member, Baron Adolf von Knigge, who had his headquarters at Frankfort-on-the-Main. It was to him that the society was indebted for the extremely elaborate constitution (never, however, actually realized) according to which the entire membership was divided into three great classes, in the first of which were to be included the "novices," the "minervals," and the "lesser illuminati," while the second consisted of "free masons " (" ordinary," " Scotch," and " Scotch knights "), and the third or " mystery class " was subdivided into the two grades of priests and regents and of magus and king. Each member of the order had given him a special name, generally classical, by which alone he was referred to in official communications ; all correspondence was con ducted in cipher ; to increase the mystification, towns and provinces were invested with new and altogether arbitrary designations. At its period of greatest development the order included in its operations a very wide area, extending from Italy to Denmark, and from Warsaw to Paris ; at no time, however, do its numbers appear to have exceeded two thousand. Its aims and method, which, as plainly appears in portions of Goethe s Wilhelm Meister, were somewhat in accordance with the taste of the period, met with more or less sympathy and approval from Goethe himself and from Herder, 1 from the grand-dukes Ernest II. of Gotha and Karl August of Weimar, as well as from other persons of influence and repute (Bode, Nicolai). A rupture which
1 Perthes, Das Deutsche Staatsleben vor der Revolution, p. 262.
