66 HOLLAND [RELIGION, The following statement of the revenue for the year ending the riddle of 1878, and of the expenditure for 1877, is taken from the middle Staats Courant for 1879, No. 6 :- Revenue. Expenditure. Direct taxation 2,000,748 j Roval household . Export and import duties Excise Gold and silver waves Indirect taxation State domains Post-office Government telegraphs .. State lotteries Game and fisheries Pilot dues 381,94-i 3,248,293 30,440 1,703,364 131,231 302,583 69,290 36.146 12.534 76,746 .72,916 superior authorities of the state 4!>.l] > Department of foreign affairs... 50,31 1 justice 349,201 interior 490.391 ,, marine 1,176,317 National debt 2,187.651 Department of finance 1.411,162 ., war 1,895.563 waterstaat 2,043,588 ,, colonies 124,724 Unanticipated expenses 3,163 Total 7,992,430 Total 9,871,792 The following table shows the revenue and expenditure for the B winces and communes, and the contributions received from the utch Indies : 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 Provincial. Revenue. Expenditure Communal. Revenue. Contri butions of Dutch Expenditure. Indies. 3,502,640 3.758,827 3,547,573 5,180,414 3,169,554 3,479,869 3,277,634 We append the total receipts of the ten years 1868-77, including the ordinary revenue, the Indian contributions, balances from pre vious budgets, proceeds of sale of domains, &c., and the total ex penditure for the same years, including, besides the ordinary budget, the outlays in payment of annuities, in funding and dis charging debt, in railway extension, &c. : 186S. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. fl.95.669,484 96,257,333 94,144,872 94.001,483 108.932,184 109,507,189 105,263.637 119,837,573 105,733,172 102,238.081 fl.96,131.448 94,424,869 99,107,750 94,460,038 9,077,673 108,932,183 9,125,599 108,033,523 8,772,469 99,352,356 9,986,464 118,911,278 8,811.097 112,635.219 8,519.756 118,461,511 9,077,673 9,002,793 8,279,363 9,909,273 9,386,268 9,871,709 The amount expended on the war and marine departments is given above. The standing army consists of infantry, cavalry, artillery, engineers, and gendarmerie, forming together a force of 60,000 men, with 3000 horses. Less than half, however, is kept in arms the whole, year. The soldiers are raised partly by voluntary enlist ment, and partly by conscription. In 1876, 1877, and 1878 the conscripts amounted to 10,808, 10,878, and 10,772 respectively. They are selected from the males who have entered their twentieth year and are not exempted for special reasons. The term of service in time of pea -e is five years, but may be extended in time of war; the conscript recruits, however, so far as the number of volunteers permits, are kept under arms for a few months only. A portion of the annual contingent is appropriated to the marine service. In the communes there are " schutterijen," militia "trainbands," which in time of war serve for the defence of the country, and at all times for the maintenance of order. Their actual term of ser vice lasts only five years, but every male inhabitant from his twenty-fifth to his thirty-fourth year is liable to be called out. On the 1st of January 1879 there were of these on duty, in 88 com munes, 212 companies, or 41,714 men, including 573 officers. The strength of the navy in 1879 was home service, 17 ships with 3162 men; Indian military marine, 23 ships with 1793 hands; auxiliary squadron, 4 ships with 900 hands; in the West Indies, 2 ships with 206 men. The fleet for the protection of the "sea- gates," or estuaries, coasts, roadsteads, and rivers on the 1st August 1878 amounted to 61 ships, of which 23 were armour-plated; 21 ships for general service, of which 2 were armour-plated; besides 7 guardships and tenders and 7 training vessels. The strength of the marine corps was in July 1878 returned at 2055, and the number of guns carried by the navy at about 500. In accordance with the law of April 18, 1874, the military and naval defences are supported by a system of fortification which em braces the following lines : the Nieuwe Hollatidsche water-line from the Zuyder Zee by Utrecht, the Lek, and the Merwede, through the district of Altena to the New Merwede ; the line of the Guelders valley and the Lower Betivwe ; the lines of the Hollandsche Diep and the Volkerak, of the mouth of the Meuse and the Haringvliet, and of the Helder ; the works for the protection of the river-crossings and the reception of troops on the Yssel, the Waal, and the Meuse; the Amsterdam line from the German Ocean, near Ymuiden, to the Zuyder Zee and the Nieuwe Hollandsche water-line ; the southern water-line from the Meuse above St Andries lo the Amer below Geertruidenberg ; and the works on the Western Scheldt. As already mentioned, in many cases the fortifications can be supple mented by extensive inundations. The inhabitants of Holland enjoy full religious as well as political Relig liberty. Not only is the free profession of his religious opinions guaranteed to every one by the constitution ; the same protection is accorded to all the various ecclesiastical bodies; all the adherents of the different creeds have equal civil and political rights, and equal claims to public offices, dignities, and appointments ; and all de nominations possess perfect freedom of administration in everything relating to their religion and its exercise. At the census of 1869 the population was classified thus as regards religion : Congregations. Low-Dutch Reformed 1,956,852 with 1,343 Walloons 10,258 Remonstrants 5,486 Christian Reformed 107,123 Baptists 44,227 Evangelical Lutherans Old Lutherans Moravians English Episcopalians Scotch Church English Presbyterians. 37,545 10,525 311 456 84 417 17 20 390 126 50 8 2 2 1 4 Total Protestants 2,193,284 with 1963 Roman Catholics 1,307,765 Old Catholics Greek Church ..., Low-Dutch Jews . Portuguese Jews . Unknown ... 5,287 32 64,748 3,525 5,161 982 16 2 167 2 Altogether there are about 2800 churches and chapels. The fol lowing table shows the percentage of Protestants, Catholics, and Jews in the several provinces : Groningen. Protestants Roman Catholics Jews . .. 90-5 7-5 2-0 Friesland. 90 9 1 Drenthe. 93-5 4-0 2-5 Overyssel. 66 5 32-0 1-5 Guelder- land. Utrecht, North Holland. 61 38 1 62 37 1 67 5 27-5 5-0 South Holland. 73-5 24-5 2-0 Zealand. 73-5 26-0 0-5 North Hrabant. Limburg. 11-5 88-0 0-5 2 5 97-0 0-5 Holland. 59 39 2 From this it appears that in the north-east the Protestant creed greatly preponderates, and that the majority of the Roman Catholics are found in the south, while both are fairly represented in the central provinces. That in the last fifty years there has been over the whole population a steady increase in the proportion of Protest ants and Jews, and a corresponding decrease of Roman Catholics, is evident from the following table : Year of Census Protestants. Roman Catholics. Jews. Unknown. 1829 1839 1849 185!) 1869 Number 1 er ct. 1.544.887 59-11 1.704,275 5958 1.824.S60 59-69 2.0H7.026 60-65 2,193,281 61-27 Number. Per ct. 1.019.109 38-99 1.100.616 38-48 1.171.924 3834 1,234.486 3730 1,313,052 36-68 Number. Perct. 46.408 1-78 52.245 1-83 58.626 1 -92 6. i,790 1-93 68,003 1-90 Numb. Perct, 3,083 -012 3,314 -(ill M69 -00,5 3,826 -012 5,193 -015 The government of each of the Protestant bodies (with the excep tion of the Baptists, who have no central authority) is in the hands of an assembly or "synod" of deputies from the provincial judi catures. In the case of the Reformed Church the affairs of tho community are entrusted to the provincial synods. The provinces are subdivided into "classes," and the classes again into "circles" (ringen), each circle comprising from 5 to 25 congregations, and each congregation being governed by a "church council" or session. The provincial synods are composed of ministers and elders deputed by the classes ; and these are composed of the ministers belonging to the particular class and an equal number of elders appointed by the local sessions. The meetings of the circles have no administra tive character, but are mere brotherly conferences. The financial management in each congregation is entrusted to a special court (kerk-voogdij) composed of "notables" and church vardens.
In every province there is besides, in the case of the Reformed
