820 I N D I N D charter the monopoly of the Dutch trade of the countries between the Straits of Magellan and the Cape of Good Hope, with the right of concluding treaties, appointing governors, &e. The first fleet sent out by the new Company under Van der Hagen was instru mental in capturing the Portuguese fort of Amboyna, and the peace of Treves in 1609 set the Dutch free from interference on the part of the Spaniards. In the same year the states-general appointed a governor-general of the East Indies, giving the Company the right of appointing his successor, subject to their approval. The instructions given to Pieter Both, the first governor, struck the key-note of that policy which has brought so much obloquy on the Dutch name, and prevented the better features of their colonial administration from being appreciated. He was to "give all endeavour in order that the commerce of the Moluccas, Amboyna, and Banda should belong to the Company, and that no other nation in the world should have the least part." "When he came into power there were already Dutch forts at Jilolo, Ternate, and Batchian, and the people of Banda had granted the Dutch the monopoly of nutmegs. It was to the fourth governor (J. P. Coen, 1619-23 and 1627-29) that the Company were most indebted for their territorial aggrandizement. He was the founder of Batavia (1620), and the first to introduce a regular system of accounts in the affairs of the Company. During his rule a treaty was concluded between the English and Dutch companies, but unfortunately the goodwill which might have resulted from it was not of long dura tion. Specx (1629-32) gave a start to the trade with Japan, which afterwards grew to vast and various issues. The governor ship of Van Diemen (1636-45) was signalized by a series of suc cesses over the Portuguese, and the introduction of the first code of laws. The Dutch power in the archipelago extended rapidly during the latter part of the century. Peace was made with the Portuguese (1661), and various native kingdoms acquired. In the beginning of the 18th century the expense of the necessary military operations and general administration, with other causes, brought the colony into financial difficulties, and in the latter part of the century it was greatly damaged by the rapidly grow ing predominance of the English in India and Ceylon. The loss of their possessions in India, however, caused the Dutch to give more attention to the archipelago, and they continued to increase their territory. At the same time the state of the finances grew worse and worse, leading to the complete abolition of the Company s authority in 1800, when their possessions and liabilities were both appropriated by the nation. During the term of office of H. "W. Daendels (1808-11), the English, who some years before had threatened Batavia and captured Ternate, made themselves masters of the Moluccas, and his successor Janssens was obliged in 1811 to surrender the colony and its capital to Lord Minto. 1 The British occupation lasted for five years, and during most of this time the post of governor-general was held by Sir Stamford Eaffles, who acted perhaps too much on the supposition that the English occu pation would be permanent, and was undoubtedly biased by strong prejudice against the Dutch, but at the same time did not forget Lord Minto s advice " to do as much good as he could." To the Dutch themselves this temporary government by the English did ultimate service. The example set by Raffles, when he showed so keen an interest in all that related to the country and the people, proved a stimulus to his Dutch successors ; and the whole relation of the Government to scholarship and investigation has been placed on a more liberal and European footing. The restoration of the East Indian possessions to the Dutch was decided by the treaty of 1814, but was not carried out till 1816, when Baron van der Capellan became governor-general. 2 A variety of local disturbances followed the change of government, and a more serious war in Java (1825-30) required a special expedition from Holland. The year 1830 saw the beginning of that famous " culture " system, under Van den Bosch, to which so much of the financial success and peaceful administration of the modern Dutch government must be ascribed. In 1846 a new code of laws was introduced. The recent history of the colony may be briefly described as a gradual but steady extension of the autho rity of the Dutch Government, marked by a succession of revolts, disturbances, expeditions, skirmishes, and subjugations ; a gradual but steady endeavour to develop the resources of the country ; and, it may happily be added, an endeavour growing ever stronger and more enlightened to improve the condition of the subject races. 1 See Life of Lord Minto. 2 The following is a list of the Dutch governors from that date : Goclert A. G. P. Baron van der Capellan (19th August 1816 to 1st January 1826); Hendrik Mercus de Kock (lleut.-gov.-gen., 1826 to 16th January 1830) ; Count Johannes van den Bosch (1830 to 2d July 1833) ; Jean ChreU-n Baud (1833 to 29th February 1836); Dominique Jacquns de Eierens (1836 to 1840, died 30th May); Carol S. W. Count van Hogendorp (1st June 1840 to 6th January 1841); Pieter Merkus (1841 to 15th February 1843, gov.-gen. till 1844, died 2d August) ; Joan Cornells Reijnst (5th August 1844 to 30th September 1845) ; Jan Jacob Rochussen (1845 to 12th May 1851); George Isaac Bruce (died before his departure); Albertus Jacob Duijmaer van Twist (12th May 1851 to 22d May 1856); Charles F. Pahud (1856 to 2d September 1861); Arij Prins (2d September 1861); Ludolf Anne Jan Wilt, Baron Sloet van de Beele (19th October 1860 to 25th October 1866) ; Arij Prins (2d October 1866) ; Pieter Mijer (28th December 1866); James Loudon (1st January 1872 to 26th March 1875) ; J. W. van Lursberge (26th March 1875). The literature connected with the East Indian archipelago is a vast and rapidly increasing one. For general information we have J. Crawfurd, History of the Indian Archipelago, Edin., 1820, 3 vols.; J. H. Moor, Notices of the Indian Archipelago, Singapore, 1837 ; P. P. Koorda van Eysinga, Handboek der Land- en Volkenkunde van A ederl. Indie, 1841 ; A. J. van der Aa, Nederlandsch Oost-Indie, Amsterdam, 1845-57, 4 vols.; and the Aardrijkskundig en statist isch Woordenboek van Xedeiiandsch Indie. Amsterdam, 1869, to which Professor Veth, Jonkheer van Alphen, and other specialists were i nportant contributors. Of works which contain the results of recent individual explorations, the most important are Wallace-, The Malay Archipelago, 3d ed., London, 1873; Rosenberg, Die Jndische Arch/pel, Leipsic, 1878; Backer, L arc .ipel indien, Paris, 1874. Early notices of the archipelago are found in several Arabic writers. The first European to give any details is the Italian traveller Lodovico di Varthema, but little confidence can be placed in his narrative. Navarreie s Coleccion de docwnentos; Castan- huda s Jlistoria de descobrimmto, Lisbon, 1833 ; Gaspar Correa s Lendas or Le- yenda ; De Barros, Asia ; Faria y toiisa. .-Is/a J ortuyuesa, Lisbon, 1666 ; and A. de Morga, The Philippine Islands, Moluccas, <kc.. at the close of the Kith century, translated from the Spanish, Hakluyt Society, 1868, may be consulted for the early history ; a critical resume of which, fiom the pen of P. A. Tiele, is to be found in Bijdragen tot de 1 aal- Land- en Volkenkunde van A r . J., The Hague, 1878. Facile princeps among older Dutch works is Valentijn s voluminous and well-known Oud en Nieuw Oost Indie, Amsterdam, 17.4-26. Dealing more restrictedly with the Dutch colony are G. Laut s Geschiedenis van de vcstiging, &c., in Indie, Gron., 1852-60; Saalfeld, Gcschichte des Holland. Colonialwesens in 0. Ind., Gott, 1812; Gerlach, Pastes militaires des In. Or., Zaltbommel, 1859 ; Du Bois, Vies des goiiverneurs-yeneraux, Hague, 17(13, with some good plans and views ; Elout, Bijdragen tot de Kennis van het Koloniaal beheer, 1851, and other volumes of Bijdragen from his papers, published in 1863 and 1874; P. Myer, Verzameling van instructien, ordonnancien, &c., vooi de layering v.A ed.Ind., Bat., 1848; Boudewijnse and Van Goest, De Indo-Nederlandsche Yetgeving, 1816-57, Haarlem and Batavia, 1876-79 ; E. de Waal, Nederlandsch Indie en de Staten- Generaal sed. de grondwet v. 1814, Hague, 1860-61. A bibliography of the Dutch Indies was compiled by J. A. van der Chijs, I roete eener Nedtrlandsch Jndische biblioyrafie, 1659-1870, Batavia, 1875. (H. A. W.) INDIAN CORN. See MAIZE. INDIAN OCEAN. This designation is given to tlie portion of the oceanic area which extends northwards from the great southern water-zone, between the eastern coast of South Africa and the western boundary of the partially submerged Malayo-Australian continent. But whilst the Atlantic and Pacific extensions from the southern water- zone the one dividing South Africa from South America, and the other forming the wide expanse- of ocean between the western coast of South America and the eastern side of the Malayo-Australian continent are prolonged into the land hemisphere as far as the north polar area, the Indian Ocean does not extend itself northwards beyond the Tropic of Cancer, where it is abruptly closed in by the great land mass of the Asiatic continent. The north-western boundary of its basin is formed by the south-eastern coast of Arabia, its north-eastern by the western coast of Burmah. But, between these two parts of its border, its basin is encroached on by the southward projection of the Indian peninsula, and is thus divided into two deep gulfs, of which the western is distinguished as the Arabian Sea, and the eastern as the Bay of Bengal. Now, looking to the fact that these gulfs must have been united, at no remote period, by a transverse band of sea, covering what is now the con tinuous alluvial plain of Northern India, we may consider the real northern border of this basin to be the great Himalaya range, the southern slope of which must have once formed its shore-line. It is remarkable that nearly the whole of its land-border is of considerable elevation, being formed on the west by the mountainous ridge that flanks the great table-land of South Africa, on the north-west by the corresponding ridge which forms the south-eastern border of the elevated plateau of Arabia, whilst near its eastern margin there is a nearly continuous mountain range, that extends southwards from Assam to the extremity of the Malay Penin sula, and is thence prolonged through Sumatra and Java. The Indian Ocean has no definite southern limit, but is considered to terminate at the parallel (about 38 S.) which stretches between the southernmost points of the African and Australian continents, near which, about midway between these two extremes, lie the volcanic islands of St Paul and Amsterdam. And this seems the natural border of its basin, the sea-bed (as will presently appear) showing a distinct rise to the south of this parallel along a consider able part of it. The Indian Ocean is often spoken of aa divided by the equator into a northern and a southern portion ; and this division it will be convenient to adopt
in the description of its current-system.
