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been often threatened with dagge and dagger, but yet hath ended his days in peace and honour.'" If any stone ever marked the precise spot where Knox was buried – said by tradition to be in the Parliament Square, a few feet to the west of the pedestal of Charles II.'s statue – it must have been destroyed in 1633, when the burying-ground was wholly obliterated by buildings. As in the case of his illustrious contemporary and friend Calvin, no tombstone marks the place where he was interred.
Knox's family consisted of five children – two sons and three daughters. His two sons were born to him by his first wife Marjory Bowes. Nathanael and Eleazer Knox were both born in Geneva, entered as students of the university of Cambridge, and became fellows of St John's College. Both died at an early age, and by their deaths the family of the Reformer became extinct in the male line. The three daughters of Knox were Martha, Margaret, and Elizabeth. Martha was married to Alexander Fairlie of Braid, in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, a tradition that she became the first wife of James Fleming, father of Robert Fleming, author of The Fulfilling of the Scriptures, having been disproved by Dr Laing (Works, vol. vi. , part 2, lxix.); Margaret Knox married Zachary Pont, for several years minister of St Cuthbert's, Edinburgh; and Elizabeth married John Welch, or Welsh, or Welsch, minister successively of Selkirk, Kirkcudbright, and Ayr, and, when transported, of the French Protestant Church. Dr Laing considers it improbable that any lineal descendants of these daughters still exist.
Of Knox no original painting is known to exist. Several like nesses have been frequently reproduced. 1. A woodcut portrait of the Reformer occurs in Beza's Icones, published at Geneva in 1580, which has often been reproduced. 2. A French translation of the Icones, by Simon Gaulart, appeared in 1581 with a totally different portrait substituted in place of that of Knox, which is now believed to represent William Tyndale, the translator of the Bible. 3. In 1602 Verheiden, a Dutch theologian, published at the Hague his Præstantium aliquot Theologorum Effigies, and in that work a head engraved on copper by Hondius is given as that of Knox. There is every reason to suppose that this is merely an improved copy from Beza, and not taken from an original painting. 4. The Torphichen portrait of Knox is at Calder House. It has on the back of the canvas the inscription, in a handwriting less than a century old – "Rev. Mr John Knox. The first sacrament of the Supper given in Scotland after the Reformation was dispensed by him in this hall." It is a harsh disagreeable likeness, painted at least a century after Knox's death, with Beza's woodcut for model. 5. In 1836 the Society far the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge published an engraving of a portrait of Knox which now goes by the name of the Somerville portrait. This painting belonged to the Somerville family, and hung on the walls of their London residence till the peerage became extinct. The tradition in the family is that it was brought into their possession by James, the thirteenth baron, in the latter half of the 18th century; and the supposition of those who regard this as a veritable likeness of the reformer is that Baron Somerville had fallen in with an excellent portrait seemingly by some distinguished artist of Knox's time (presumably Francis Porbus, who painted a likeness of George Buchanan), and had a copy of it painted for his mansion of Drum, near Edinburgh. Engravings of Beza's and Verheiden's portraits will be found in Knox's Works, vols. i. and vi.; of the Torphichen portrait in the Life of Knox, 1st edition; and of all the five likenesses in The Portraits of John Knox, by Thomas Carlyle, whose verdict is in favour of the Somerville portrait as "the only probable likeness anywhere known to exist."
Literature. – The Works of John Knox, collected and edited by David Laing, 6 vols., Edinburgh, 1846-64; M'Crie, The Life of John Knox, 1st ed., 1811, 7th ed., 1855; Lorimer, John Knox and the Church of England, London, 1875; T. Carlyle, An Essay on the Portraits of John Knox, published in collected works along with The Early Kings of Norway, London, 1875. The life and labours, character and influence, of Knox are dealt with more generally in the following works: Hill Burton's History of Scotland; J. A. Fronde's History of England; Carlyle's Heroes and Hero Worship; Moncreiff, The Influence of Knox and the Scottish Reformation on England, London, 1860; Froude, The Influence of the Reformation on the Scottish Character, Edinburgh, 1865. (C. G. M'C.)
KNOXVILLE, chief city of Knox county and of East Tennessee, United States, is situated on the right bank of the Tennessee river, which is navigable up to this point, four miles below the confluence of the Holston and French Broad rivers, and about 165 miles east of Nashville. By recent statistics it is shown to be one of the six healthiest cities in the United States; the elevation is 1000 feet, mean temperature 58° Fahr., average rainfall 54 5 inches. Among its numerous handsome buildings are the United States custom-house and post-office, the university of Tennessee, and the public schools. There is a free library in the city. The university, which includes the State college of agriculture and the mechanic arts, was founded in 1807,
the latter departments being added in 1869. It has a good library, and geological, mineralogical, and zoological collections. In 1881 there were 398 students. Knoxville is a busy industrial and commercial centre. Its manufactures include iron in all its forms, railway and other carriages, paper, furniture, sashes and blinds, tobacco, flour, leather and harness, pottery, &c.; and it has a brisk trade in these articles, as well as in boots and shoes, hardware, and dry-goods. Marble and coal of excellent quality are found in vast quantities near the city. Knoxville was settled in 1789, and laid out as a town in 1791, when it was named after General Henry Knox, at that time Washington's minister of war. From 1794 till 1817 it was the capital of Tennessee. During the civil war it was an important position, passing into the possession of the Union forces in 1863. The population of the city in 1880 was 9693, or, including directly connected suburbs, 15,450.
KOBELYAKI, a town of Russia, in the government of Poltava, 40 miles south-west of the government town, with a station on the railway between Kharkoff and Krementchug. The town proper is situated on the right bank of the Vorskla, but a suburb of some size, known simply as Zaryetchya or "Beyond the River," lies on the other side. Of the 13,000 inhabitants more than half are occupied exclusively with agriculture; but weaving, introduced by German colonists, is beginning to be a considerable industry in the town. Kobelyaki was founded by the Polish nobleman Nemirovitch, and is mentioned as a town in 1647. In the neighbourhood lies the village of Perevolotchna, where the Swedish forces under Charles XII. laid down their arms.
KOBRIN, a town of Russia, in the government of Grodno, 12 miles east of Brest-Litovsk and 4 miles from the Tevli station of the railway between Minsk and Brest-Litovsk. It lies in the midst of a marshy country, to the east of which are extensive forests; although situated on the Mukhavetz river, which enters into the system of canals uniting the Dnieper and Bug, it enjoys but little prosperity. Its 8000 inhabitants are chiefly engaged in agriculture; there is also some trade in grain, salt, timber, and bones. Kobrin was until the 16th century the capital of a principality of the same name.
KOCK, Charles Paul de (1794-1871), novelist, was born at Passy on the 21st of May 1794, and died at Paris on the 29th of August 1871. He was a posthumous child, his father, who was a banker of Dutch extraction, having been one of the numerous victims of the Terror, and dying on the scaffold with Hebert and Clootz, not as an extreme republican, but as "suspect" of foreign relations. The family was one of some rank in the Netherlands, and an uncle of the novelist attained to the position of minister of the interior in his native country. Paul de Kock, however, remained all his life a citizen of France. He began life as a banker's clerk, which occupation he soon quitted for literature. But his natural taste, or the memory of his father's death, kept him far apart from the republican party, and he was perhaps the most remarkable literary continuator of the ancien régime as far as light novels were concerned. His life was almost entirely uneventful, its chief incident being a burglary which was committed at his country house at Romainville in his later days. For the most part he resided on the Boulevard St Martin, and was one of the most inveterate of Parisians.
Paul de Kock began to write very early, and continued to produce novels almost until the end of his long life. But his period of greatest and most successful activity was the Restoration and the early days of Louis Philippe. The comparative "patavinity" of his style, and the fact of his standing aloof from the whole innovating movement in
