K O L K L 137
founder of the Tanjore line. Subsequently Kolár was overrun by the Mughals. In 1761 it was formally ceded by the nizám to Hyder Ali, who was a native of the state, having been born at the little village of Budikot; and after the fall of Tipú in 1799 it was incorporated in the Hindu state of Mysore. The chief historical interest of modern times centres round the hill fort of Nandidrug (Nundydroog), which was stormed by the British in 1791, after a bombardment of twenty-one days. Kolár, which with the rest of Mysore had been under British administration since 1835, was restored to its native chief in March 1881.
KÖLCSEY, Ferencz or Francis (1790-1838), a distinguished Hungarian poet, critic, and orator, was born at Szödemeter, in Transylvania, on the 8th of August 1790. His parents both died during his childhood, leaving him to the care of a trusted female servant. At an early age Kölcsey was sent to the Calvinistic school at Debreczen, where he acquired a sound knowledge of the Latin and Greek classics, as also of the leading Hungarian and German poets. In his fifteenth year he made the acquaintance of Kazinczy, and zealously adopted his linguistic reforms. In 1809 Kölcsey went to Pest with the intention of following the legal profession, and became a "notary to the royal board." The public career of a lawyer, however, proving distasteful to him, he soon left the city, and, secluding himself at Cseke in Szatmár county, devoted his time to æsthetical study, poetry, criticism, and the defence of the theories of Kazinczy. Kölcsey's early metrical pieces contributed to the Transylvanian Museum did not attract much attention, whilst his severe criticisms of Csokonai, Kis, and especially Berzsenyi, published in 1817, rendered him very unpopular. From 1821 to 1826 he published many separate poems of great beauty in the Aurora, Hebe, Aspasia, and other magazines of polite literature. Having by these means again risen in the estimation of the literary public, he was induced by Paul Szemere to join him in the production of a new periodical, styled Élet és Literatura ("Life and Literature"), which appeared from 1826 to 1829, in 4 vols., and gained for Kölcsey the highest reputation as a critical writer. About this time his powers as an orator began to be displayed in his capacity of upper notary to the county of Szatmár. From 1832 to 1835 he sat in the Hungarian diet, where his extreme liberal views and his singular eloquence soon rendered him famous as a parliamentary leader. In the meantime he had not been inactive as a literary savant. Elected on the 17th November 1830 a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, he took part in its first grand meeting; in 1832 he delivered his famous oration on Kazinczy, and in 1836 that on his former opponent Daniel Berzsenyi. When in 1838 Baron Wesselenyi was unjustly thrown into prison upon a charge of treason, Kölcsey eloquently though unsuccessfully conducted his defence; and he died about a week afterwards (24th of August) from internal inflammation. His collected works, in 6 vols., were published at Pest, 1840-48, and his journal of the diet of 1832-36 appeared in 1818. A monument erected to the memory of Kölcsey was unveiled at Szatmár-Németi on the 25th of September 1864.
See G. Steinacker, Ungarische Lyriker, Leipsic and Pest, 1874; F. Toldy, Magyar Költök élete, 2 vols., Pest, 1871; J. Ferenczy and J. Danielik, Magyar Irók, 2 vols., Pest, 1856-58.
KOLDING, a town in the district of Veile, Denmark, is situated on the east coast of the province of Jutland, on the Koldingfjord, an inlet of the Little Belt. It has some little shipping, but its harbour is not deep. A little to the north-west is the splendid ruin of the royal castle Koldinghuus, formerly called Oernsborg or Arensborg. It was begun by Duke Abel in 1248; in 1808 it was burned. The large square tower was built by Christian IV. (1588-1648), and was surmounted by colossal statues, of which one is still standing. The name of Kolding occurs in the 10th century; but its earliest known town-rights date from 1321. In 1644 it was the scene of a Danish victory over the Swedish, and in 1849 of a Danish defeat by the Schleswig-Holstein troops. The population in 1870 was 5400.
KOLHÁPUR, a native state in the Bombay Presidency, India, lying between 15 58 and 17 11 N. lat., and between 73 45 and 74 24 E. long.; it is bounded on the N. by Satara district, on the E. and S. by the states of Sángli, Miráj, and Kurunchwád, and on the W. and S.W. by Sawantwári state and Ratnágiri district. The area is 3184 square miles. Kolhápur state stretches from the heart of the Sahyádri range eastwards into the plain of the Deccan. Along the spurs of the main chain of the Sahyádri hills lie wild and picturesque hill slopes and valleys, pro ducing little but timber, and till recently covered with rich forests. The centre of the state is crossed by several lines of low hills running at right angles from the main Sahyádri range. In the east the country becomes more open, and presents the unpicturesque uniformity of a well-cultivated and treeless plain, broken only by an occasional river. Among the western hills are the ancient Marhattá strong holds of Panhála, Vishalgarh, Baura, and Rungna. The rivers, though navigable during the rains by boats of 2 tons burthen, are all fordable during the hot months. Iron ore is found in the Sahyádri range, and smelting was formerly carried on to a considerable extent; but now the Kolhápur mineral cannot compete with that imported from Europe. There are several good stone quarries. The principal agricultural products are rice, millet, sugar-cane, tobacco, cotton, safflower, and vegetables. The population of the state, including feudatories, was 802,691 in 1872, Hindus amounting to 95½ per cent., and Mohammedans to 4 per cent. Pottery, hardware, and coarse cotton and woollen cloth are the principal manufactures. The chief exports are coarse sugar, tobacco, cotton, and grain; piece goods, salt, silk, sulphur, and spices are imported.
The rájás of Kolhápur trace their descent from Rájá Rám, a younger son of Sivají the Great, the founder of the Marhattá power. The prevalence of piracy caused the British Government to send expeditions against Kolhápur in 1765 and 1792; and in the early years of this century the misgovernment of the chief compelled the British to resort to military operations, and ultimately to appoint an officer to manage the state. In 1862 a treaty was concluded with Sivají III. The revenue of the state is estimated at £304,000. The military force consists of 1618 men. Exclusive of a few missionary institutions, there are in all 104 schools, attended by 5105 pupils. The climate is on the whole temperate.
Kolhápur, the capital of the above state, is situated in 16 42 N. lat. and 74 16 E. long., 128 miles south by east of Poona. It is a picturesque, flourishing trading town, adorned with many handsome buildings. Population in 1872, 39,621.
KOLIN (Boh., Nový Kolín, i.e., New Kolin), a town in the circle of Kaurzim, Bohemia, is situated on the Elbe, about 35 miles east of Prague, with which city as also with Brünn it is connected by the Austrian State Railway, here intersected by the north-western line, in 50 4 N. lat., 15 14 E. long. Among the many noteworthy buildings in Kolin may be specially mentioned the church of St Bartholomew (Early Gothic style), erected during the latter half of the 14th century, the castle, and the town-hall. The educational and industrial establishments comprise collegiate institutes for both sexes, a commercial school, religious houses, several sugar refineries and oil-mills, a spirit distillery, and an artificial manure factory. Popula tion of commune 9473, of town 9199. Kolin is chiefly famous on account of the battle of Chotzemitz or Kolin, 18th June 1757, when the Prussians under Frederick the Great were defeated by the Austrians under Daun.
KOLOMEA, or Kolomyia, a town and district in the Austrian province of Galicia, lies on the right bank of the Pruth and on the railway from Czernowitz to Lemberg,
