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and narrow streets, but the Kneiphof quarter is roomier. Of the seven market-places only that in the Altstadt retains something of its former appearance. Among the more interesting buildings are the schloss, a long rectangle begun in 1255 and added to later, with a Gothic tower 277 feet high, and the chapel (built 1592) in which Frederick I. placed the Prussian crown on his own head in 1701 ; and the cathedral, begun in 1322, restored in 1856, a Gothic building with a tower 164 feet high. Behind the schloss is the parade-ground, with the statue of Frederick William III. by Kiss. To the east is the Schlossteich, a long narrow ornamental lake covering 12 acres, with beautifully laid out tree-shaded banks. The north-west side of the parade-ground is occupied by the new university buildings, completed in 1873; along with the new exchange on the south side of the Pregel, they are the finest architectural feature of the town. The univer sity was founded in 1544 by Albert I., duke of Prussia;
Plan of Königsberg. 1. Observatory. 2. Zoological Museum. 3. Polish Church. 4. New Univ. Buildings. 5. Theatre. 6. Statue of Frederick William III. 7. New Altstadt Church. 8. Post-Office. 0. Kant's House. 10. Statue of Kant. 11. Schloss. 12. Statue of Frederick I. 13. Reformed Church. 14. Academy of Painting. 10. Town Museum. in. Library. 17. Roman Catholic Ch. 18. Hospital. 19 Bank. 20. Old University Buildings. 21. Cathedral. 22. Exchange.
it possesses a library of 200,000 volumes. Among its famous professors have been Kant (born in Königsberg in 1724), to whom a monument was erected in 1864, Herder, Herbart, Bessel, Voigt, K. E. von Baer, F. Neumann, and others. In the summer session of 1880 it had a teaching staff of 88; in the winter session 1880-81 its students numbered 808. Königsberg has also four gymnasia, two commercial schools of the first rank, an academy of painting with a public picture gallery, and a school of music, besides other educational establishments. The hospitals and benevolent institutions are numerous. The protected position of its harbour has made Königsberg one of the important trading cities of Germany. Ships of more than 1500 tons have to discharge cargo at Pillau, at the entrance to the Haff, connected with Königsberg by rail; and the grain trade with the interior is carried on by barges. The chief imports and exports of Königsberg are grain, spirits, colonial wares (especially tea),
petroleum, coal, iron, herrings, flax, hemp, and wood. The exports by sea for the third quarter of 1881 amounted to 46,508 tons, and the imports from Russia alone to 42,479 tons The number of ships that entered Königsberg and Pillau in 1879 was 1653 (278,000 tons); the number that cleared was 1656 (299,000 tons). The corresponding figures for 1880 were not so large. The manufactures of Königsberg are not very important. They include iron, machinery, beer, spirits, sail-cloth, cloth, oil, flour, leather, and its specialty "marchpane." There is also yarn-spinning, cloth-printing, dyeing, tanning, and tobacco manufacture. The population, in 1858 only 83,000, was 140,896 in 1880.
The Altstadt of Königsberg grew up around the castle built in
1255 by the Teutonic Order, to restrain the neighbouring heathens.
Its first site was near the fishing village of Steindamm, but after its
destruction by the Prussians in 1263 it was rebuilt in its present
position. By 1327 all three parts, which were only united in 1724
by Frederick William I., had acquired city rights. In 1340
Königsberg entered the Hanseatic League; and in 1361 it was in
direct alliance with England. From 1457 it was the residence of
the grand master of the Teutonic Order, and from 1525 till 1618 of
the dukes of Prussia. The trade of Königsberg was much hindered
by the constant shifting and silting up of the channels leading to its
harbour; and the great northern wars did it immense harm. By
the end of the 17th century it had almost recovered; and dur
ing the 19th century the opening of the railway system in East
Prussia and Russia gave its commerce a new departure, making it
the principal outlet for the Russian staples grain, seeds, flax, and
hemp. It has now regular steam communication with Memel,
Stettin, Kiel, Amsterdam, and Hull. The local shipping is unimportant.
KÖNIGSHÜTTE, a town in the circle of Beuthen in
the government district of Oppeln, Prussia, is situated in
the middle of the Upper Silesian coal and iron district,
about 55 miles south-west of Oppeln. In 1869 it was
incorporated with various neighbouring villages, and raised
to the dignity of a town. The largest iron-work in Silesia
is situated at Königshütte, and includes puddling works,
rolling-mills, and zinc-works. Founded in 1797, it was
formerly in the hands of Government; but it is now
carried on by a company. In 1877 it employed about
3000 hands, and turned out about 54,000 tons of raw
iron, 41,700 tons bar-iron, &c., 750 tons raw zinc, and
19,600 tons of steel goods for railways, &c. In the
neighbourhood of the town there are coal-mines, chalk-
quarries, and brick-fields. The population in 1852 was
4495; in 1875 it was 26,040.
KONITZ, or Könitz, a town of the German empire, in the Marienwerder district of the province of West Prussia, situated near the railway, about 68 miles south-west of Dantzic. It was the first fortified post established in Prussia by Balk, the grand master of the Teutonic Order, and it continued for a long time to be a place of mili tary importance. Wool and iron are the chief objects of the local industry. The inhabitants numbered 8046 in 1875; about 3000 are Roman Catholics and 550 Jews. There is a history of the town by Uppenkamp (Konitz, 1873).
KONOTOP, a district town of Russia, in the government of Tchernigoff, 137 miles north-east of Kieff, on the railway from this town to Kursk. Its 10,000 inhabitants live by agriculture, boat-building, and trade. Situated in a district which produces a good deal of corn and is also engaged in cattle and sheep breeding, it has a brisk and rapidly increasing trade in agricultural produce. The town was founded in 1635 by the Poles, who built a strong citadel, the ruins of which still exist. In 1648 it was taken by the Cossacks of Khmelnitzky, and in 1659, during Vigovsky's insurrection, Russian troops besieged it.
KÖPENICK, or Cöpnick, a town in the circle of Teltow in the government district of Potsdam, Prussia, is situated on an island at the influx of the Dahme into the Spree,
