K T K T population of 310,000. Kotali slopes gently northwards from the high table-land of Malwa, and is drained by the Chambal with its tributaries, all flowing in a northerly or north-easterly direction. The Mokandarra range, from 1200 to 1GOO feet above sea-level, runs from south-east to north-west, forming the southern border of Kotah, and separating it from Jhalawar. The Mokandarra Pass through these hills, in the neighbourhood of the highest peak (1671 feet), has been rendered memorable by the passage of Colonel Monson s army on its disastrous retreat in 1804. The defile is strikingly picturesque, and forms one of the chief outlets between the Deccan and northern India. There are extensive game preserves, chiefly covered with grass. In addition to the usual Indian grains, wheat, cotton, opium, and a little tobacco of good quality are cultivated. The manufactures are very limited. Cotton fabrics are woven, but are being rapidly superseded by the cheap products of Bombay and Manchester. Articles of wooden furniture are also constructed. The chief articles of export are opium and grain ; salt, cotton, and woollen cloth are imported. Kotah is an offshoot from Bundi state, having been bestowed upon a younger son of the Biindi raja by the emperor Shah Jahan in return for services rendered him when the latter was in rebellion against his father Jahangi r. The affairs of the state having fallen into confusion, the administration is now superintended by a British political officer. Many of the state nobility hold lands on a semi-feudal tenure. The estimated gross revenue of the state in 1876 was 253,275, of which the land yielded over 170,000. Tribute of 38,472 (including maintenance of a contingent known as the Deoli Irregular Force) is paid to the British Government, and 1439 to Jeypore. The climate is very sultry during the prevalence of the hot winds at the commencement of summer, and is considered unhealthy during the rainy season. Endemic fevers invariably appear after the close of the rains. KOTHEN", or COTHEN, chief town of a circle in the duchy of Anhalt, Germany, is situated on the Ziethe, at the junction of several railway lines, about 42 miles north west of Leipsic by rail. It consists of an old and a new town with four suburbs. It has two palaces, one of which in the old town contains various scientific collections and a library of 20,000 volumes. The industries include iron- founding and the manufacture of agricultural and other machinery, malt, beet-root sugar, leather, spirits, &c.; a tolerably active trade is carried on in grain, wool, potatoes, and vegetables. In 1875 the population, including the garrison, was 14,403. Said to have been an important Wendish city, KiJthen was captured and destroyed by Henry I. in 927. In 1300 it was burned by the margrave of Meissen. In 1547 it was presented by the emperor to General Ladron, from whom it soon passed by pur chase to its old possessors. Hahnemann, the founder of homoeo pathy, lived and worked in Kothen, and a homoeopathic establish ment still exists in the town. Till 1853 Kothen was the capital of the duchy of Anhalt-Kothen. KOTRI, a town in Karachi (Kurrachee) district, Sind, India, situated on the right bank of the Indus, in 25 22 N. lat. and 68 22 E. long. The population in 1872, including the neighbouring hamlets of Khanpur and Midne Multani, was 7949 namely, 5166 Mohammedans, 2455 Hindus, 304 Christians, and 24 Parsis. Kotri is the northern terminus of the Sind Railway, which com municates with the seaport of Kurrachee (106 miles). The principal buildings, besides the Protestant and Roman Catholic churches, are the civil hospital, court-house, sub ordinate jail, post-office, Government and other schools, and travellers bungalow. The Indus Steam Flotilla maintains an extensive establishment, having its offices in the old fort, with workshops for the repair of steamers and barges. There is a large transit traffic in beer, wine, and spirits, metals, railway materials, piece goods, silk, wool, cotton, grain, oil-seeds, indigo, ghl, oil, saltpetre, and sugar. Water from Kotri is forwarded to Kurrachee, especially for the manufacture of ice and for drinking purposes. In 1878 the Indus Valley State llailway was opened from Kotri to Sukkur, by which the import ance of Kotri as a place of transshipment has been greatly diminished. KOTTBUS, or COTTBUS, chief town of a circle in the government district of Frankfort, Prussia, is situated on the Spree, about 72 miles south-east of Berlin by rail, and at the intersection of several important railway lines. It contains a mediaeval castle, and is the seat of a chamber of commerce. The chief industries of the busy little town are wool-spinning and the manufacture of cloth. Cotton- spinning, and the manufacture of tobacco, machinery, beer, brandy, &,c., are also carried on, while its trade is active. In 1875 the population, including the garrison, was 22,612. At one time Kottbus formed a private lordship, but in 1462 it passed by the treaty of Guben to Brandenburg. KOTZEBUE, AUGUST FRIEDRICH FERDINAND VON (1761-1819), German dramatist, was born on the 3d of May 1761, at Weimar, where his father was a councillor of legation. Having attended the gymnasium of Weimar, he went in his sixteenth year to the university of Jena, and afterwards studied about a year in Duisburg. In 1780 he completed his legal studies, and was admitted an advocate. Through the influence of Count Gortz, Prussian ambassador at the Russian court, he became secretary at St Petersburg to the governor-general Von Baur, by whom he was recommended to the empress. In 1783 he received the appointment of assessor to the high court of appeal in Revel, where he married a daughter of lieutenant-general Von Essen. He was ennobled in 1785, and became president of the magistracy of the province of Esthonia. Before leaving Germany he had published some unimportant writings ; in Revel he acquired a considerable reputation by his Leiden der Ortenbergischen Familie (1785), his Kleine Gesammelte Schri/ten (1787-91), and his two plays, Menschenltass und Reue and Die Indianer in England (1789). The good impression produced by these works was almost effaced by a cynical book, Doctor Bahrdt mil der eisernen Stim, which appeared with the name of Knigge on the title page. After the death of his first wife Kotzebue retired from the Russian service, and resided for some time in a country house which he had built near Narva. At this time he manifested extraordinary literary activity, publishing within a few years, besides Diejiingste Kinder meiner Laune (in 5 volumes), upwards of twenty plays. In 1798 he accepted the office of dramatist to the court theatre of Vienna, resigning it in about two years with a pension of 1000 florins. On his way to St Petersburg, where his sons were being educated, he was arrested in April 1800, and sent to Siberia. Fortunately he had written a comedy which flattered the vanity of Paul I. ; and a translation of this play so delighted the emperor that Kotzebue was brought back, received an estate from the crown lands in Livonia, and was made director of the German theatre in St Petersburg. He returned to Germany when the emperor Paul died, and in 1802 was admitted into the Academy of Sciences at Berlin. Here, in association with Merkel, he edited Der Freimiithige, and began his Almanack dramatischer Spiele, which he continued to issue until his death. He also wrote several plays in Berlin, and made some enemies by the bitterness with which he attacked Goethe. Towards the end of 1806 he was again settled in Russia, and in the security of his estate in Esthonia wrote many satirical articles against Napoleon in Die Biene and Die Grille. As councillor of state he was attached in 1816 to the department for foreign affairs in St Petersburg, and in 1817 he went to Germany as a sort of spy in the service of Russia, with a salary of 15,000 roubles. In his weekly journal (the Literarisches Woclienblatt] he scoffed at the pretensions of those Germans
