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l'Institut, 1812, is prefixed to the first volume. Besides the separate works already named are Résolution des Équations Numériques, 1798 (2d ed. 1808, 3d ed. 1326), and Leçons sur le Calcul des Functions, 1805 (2d ed. 1806), designed as a commentary and supplement to the first part of the Théorie des Fonctions. The first volume of the enlarged edition of the Mécanique appeared in 1811, the second, of which the revision was completed by MM. Prony and Binet, in 1815. A third edition, in 2 vols. 4to, was issued in 1853-55, and a second of the Théorie des Fonctions in 1813. See also Virey and Potel, Précis Historique, 1813; Thomson's Annals of Philosophy, 1813-20, vols. ii. and iv.; Suter, Geschichte der Math. Wiss., 1873; Dühring, Kritische Gesch. der allgemeinen Principien der Mechanik, 1877 (2d ed.); Gautier, Essai Historique sur le Problème des trois Corps, 1817; Grant, History of Physical Astronomy, &c. (A. M. C.)
LAGRENÉE, Louis Jean François (1724-1805), French painter, was a pupil of Carle Vanloo. Born at Paris 30th December 1724, in 1755 he became a member of the Academy, presenting as his diploma picture the Rape of Deianira (Louvre). He visited St Petersburg at the call of the empress Elizabeth, and on his return was named in 1781 director of the French Academy at Rome; he there painted the Indian Widow, one of his best-known works. His pictures, which have nearly all been engraved, are frequently to be met with out of France. In 1804 Napoleon conferred on him the cross of the legion of honour, and on 19th June 1805 he died in the Louvre, of which he was honorary keeper.
LAHIRE, Laurent de (1606-1656), French painter, was born at Paris on 27th February 1606. He became a pupil of Lallemand, studied the works of Primaticcio at Fontainebleau, but never visited Italy, and belongs wholly to that transition period which preceded the school of Simon Vouet. His picture of Nicolas V. opening the crypt in which he discovers the corpse of St Francis of Assisi standing (Louvre) was executed in 1630 for the Capuchins of the Marais; it shows a gravity and sobriety of character which marked Lahire's best work, and seems not to have been without influence on Le Sueur. The Louvre contains eight other works, and paintings by Lahire may also be found in the museums of Strasburg, Rouen and Mans. His drawings, of which the British Museum possesses a fine example, Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple, are treated as seriously as his paintings, and sometimes show simplicity and dignity of effect. The example of the Capuchins, for whom he executed several other works in Paris, Rouen, and Fecamp, was followed by the goldsmiths company, for whom he produced in 1635 St Peter healing the Sick (Louvre) and the Conversion of St Paul in 1637. In 1646 he shared with eleven other artists the honour of founding the French Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. Richelieu called Lahire to the Palais Royal; Chancellor Séguier, Tallemant de Réaux, and many others entrusted him with important works of decoration; for the Gobelins he designed a series of large compositions. Lahire painted also a great number of portraits, and in 1654 united in one work for the town-hall of Paris those of the principal dignitaries of the municipality. Two years later, 28th December 1656, he died. His works have been frequently engraved by his own pupil Chauveau, and by Lasne, Boulanger, De la Court, Rousselet, and Faithorne.
LAHORE, or Lahór, capital of the Punjab, India, gives its name to a civil division of the British territory in that province, and to the headquarters district of the division.
Lahore Division. – This division, the most central of the ten into which British Panjáb is divided, is fourth in order of size, 8961 square miles, and fifth in respect of population, 1,889,495 (by the census of 1868), averaging 211 to the square mile. The Lahore division has three districts – Lahore, Firózpúr, Gujránwala. The whole area is alluvial plain, for the most part devoid of trees, except such as have been planted since British occupation. It is intersected by the rivers Rávi and Sutlej, and the Bári Doáb canal drawn from the Rávi at the foot of the hills; also by the old bed of the Biás river deserted about the middle of last century. The Chenáb river is the boundary on the north-west, between the Lahore and the Ráwal Pindi divisions. Of the towns in the division there are five which have over 10,000 inhabitants, namely, Lahore, Kasúr, Gujránwála, Wazirábád, Firózpúr. The common language of the rural population and of artisans is Punjabi. Urdu (Hindustani) is the language of the better educated classes, and is everywhere becoming more generally understood and used. In Government schools Punjabi is not taught.
So far from the seaboard, the range between extremes of winter and summer temperature is great. The mean- temperature in the shade in June is about 92°, in January about 50°. In midsummer the thermometer sometimes rises to 115° in the shade, and remains (on rare occasions) as high as 105° throughout the night. In winter the morning temperature has sometimes been as low as 20°. The rainfall is uncertain as well as scanty: the annual average is about 15 inches; it is sometimes as low as 8"; a total of 25" is exceptionally high. The harvests are greatly dependent on irrigation. The prevailing winds are westerly (N.W. and S.W.) in the hot weather, and easterly (E. and N.E.) in the cold season. The Lahore division became British territory in March 1849, on the annexation of the part of the Punjab west of the Biás river, at the close of the second Sikh war.
Lahore District has an area of 3648 square miles, with a population of 789,666 (438,335 males and 351,331 females; – Sikhs, 119,268; Hindus, 116,287; Mohammedans, 470,216; others, 83,895). Of this number about 3000 are Europeans and Eurasians, residing chiefly at Lahore and its cantonment of Mián Mír. The district contains 1455 villages, with an agricultural population of 354,012. The gross revenue is £110,518 – £74,353 being derived from the land. Of the area 1,165,440 acres are under cultivation, 811,520 uncultivated, and 357,760 uncultivable. Of the uncultivated area nearly 237,000 acres are unappropriated cultivable waste land, the property of the Government. Irrigation is supplied to upwards of 180,000 acres by the Bári Doáb canal and three inundation canals from the Sutlej (filled for a certain time each year by the rise of the river), which are Government works, and about 267,000 acres are watered by private wells.
The chief crops are – wheat, about 436,000 acres; gram (chick
pea, for cattle), 230,000; barley, 58,000; maize, 26,000; rice,
18,000; various food grains, 85,000; sugarcane, 2500; vegetables,
7000; capsicum, 1500; tobacco, 5000; poppy, 1000; cotton,
40,000; oil seeds, 15,000. Indigo, now only grown on a small scale
in this part of India, was formerly one of the important products of
the country round Lahore, which had the reputation of great fer
tility. The traders on the part of the East India Company in the
17th century paid much attention to the indigo of Lahore. The
the Company in November of the same year regarding the opposi
tion which the English merchants met with at Surat, expresses a
wisli that they had some hope of being able "to transport their
goods by that fair river of Sinde to and from that goodly country
round Lahore." And another trader speaks in 1615 of the great
store of indigo to be had both at Ahmadabad and at Lahore. No
doubt what was reckoned Lahore indigo may have been in great
part indigo from elsewhere, passing through Lahore as the trade
centre of that part of India, – just as, at the present day, the rock
salt of the Punjab is in other provinces commonly called Lahori,
though it conies from the salt hills west of the Jhelum. The
importance of Lahore as a centre of trade at the time above referred
to, is shown also in some of Sir T. Roe's letters. Lahore now
receives indigo from Bengal. The rent per acre of good wheat land
in the Lahore district is about 5 rupees. The selling price of wheat
in ordinary years is about 26 seers (52 lb) for a rupee. The water-
level in the neighbourhood of Lahore is at a depth of 30 to 36
feet from the surface of the ground. In the tract between the Ravi
and the Chenab it is from 15 to 30 feet. In the south and south-west parts of the district, between the Rávi and the Sutlej, the depth is from 40 to 70 feet, except in some strips of low land.
