54 S K E U The next species deserving of notice is that of America, T. sparverius, commonly known in Canada and the United States as the "Sparrow-Hawk" a beautiful little bird, though not more courageous than the rest of its relations. Various attempts have been made to recognize several species, more or less in accordance with locality, but the majority of ornithologists seem unable to accept the distinctions which have been elaborated chiefly by Mr Sharpe (ut supra] and Mr Ridgway (North American Birds, iii. pp. 159-175), the former of whom recognizes six species, while the latter now admits but three, T. sparverius, T. leucoplirys, and T, sparverioides, with five geographical races of the first, viz., the typical T. sparverius from the continent of North America, except the coast of the Gulf of Mexico ; T. australis from the continent of South America, except the North Atlantic and Caribbean coasts ; T. isabellinus, inhabiting continental America from Florida to Cayenne ; T. dominicensis from the Lesser Antilles as far northwards as St Thomas ; and lastly T. cinnamominus from Chili and western Brazil. T. leucophrys is said to be from Hispaniola and Cuba ; and T. sparverioides peculiar to Cuba only. This last has been generally allowed to be a good species, though Dr Gundlach, the best authority on the birds of that island, in his latest work, published in 1876 (Contribution d la Ornitologia Cubana, p. 48) will not allow its validity. More recently it has been found (Ibis, 1881, pp. 547-564) that T. austmlis and T. cinna mominus cannot be separated, that Mr Ridgway s T. leuco plirys should properly be called T. dominicensis, and his T. dominicensis T. antillarum, while that gentleman has recorded the supposed occurrence of T, sparverioides in Florida. 1 Of other Kestrels it remains to say that T. moluccensis is widely spread throughout the islands of the Malay archipelago, while T. cenchroides seems to inhabit the whole of Australia, and has occurred in Tasmania (Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1875, pp. 7, 8). No Kestrel is found in New Zealand, but an approach to the form is made by the very peculiar Hieracidea (or Harpe) novee-zelandice (of which a second race or species has been described, //. brunnea or //. ferox) the " Sparrow-Hawk," " Quail-Hawk," and " Bush-Hawk " of the colonists a bird of much higher courage than any Kestrel, and perhaps exhibiting the more generalized and ancestral type from which both Kestrels and Falcons may have descended. (A. N.) KESWICK, a market-town of Cumberland, is situated on the left bank of the Greta, close to Derwentwater or Keswick Lake, about 30 miles south of Carlisle, and 300 miles from London by rail. It is one of the centres for visitors to the Cumberland lakes, and is the point whence the ascent of Skiddaw is usually begun. In the parish church of Crosthwaite, three quarters of a mile off, there is a monument to the poet Southey, whoso residence for many years, Greta Hall, stands at the end of the main street, close by the river. Keswick was formerly noted for its manufacture of lead pencils; and the plumbago (locally wad) used to be supplied by the mines in Borrow- date. Lead is still found in the neighbouring hills. Char, ciught in the neighbouring lakes, are potted at Keswick in large quantities during the season, and sent to all parts of England. The population in 1881 was 3220. KESZTHELY, a market-town in the trans-Danubian county of Zala, Hungary, is picturesquely situated near the western extremity of Lake Balaton, about 97 miles south of Pozsony (Pressburg), in 46 47 N. lat,, 17 15 E. long. Keszthely is chiefly noted for its well-organized agricultural institute, founded by Count George Festetics, and known as the "Georgicon." At the source of the 1 The absence of any species of Kestrel from Jamaica is a most curious fact, considering tlie abundance of the former in other parts of the West Indies. Heviz brook there is a warm sulphur spring. The trade is principally in grain, fruit, and wine. The population at the end of 1880 was 5341, mostly Magyars by nationality, and Roman Catholics by creed. KETCHUP, a sauce or relish prepared principally from the juice of mushrooms and of many other species of edible fungi, salted for preservation and variously spiced. The term ketchup, written also catsup and katchup, is said to be of Japanese origin. The following may be taken as a typical example of the ingredients and method of preparation of ordinary ketchup. Freshly gathered mush rooms are placed in a wooden vessel and sprinkled with salt. They are left for two or three days, during which time they are repeatedly stirred and turned over. The juice is then squeezed out, and to every gallon of the juice there is added of crushed cloves and mustard seed half an ounce each, and of black pepper, ginger, and all spice each an ounce. The mixture is boiled gently, decanted, and left to macerate. for about two weeks, after which it is strained off and bottled. Should it show any tendency to putrefaction it is again boiled with the addition of salt and spices. It is of the utmost consequence to avoid copper, lead, and pewter vessels or implements in the preparation of ketchup ; as far as possible glazed earthen ware vessels alone should be used. The juices of various fruits, such as cucumbers, tomatoes, and especially green walnuts, are used as a basis of ketchup, and shell-fish ketchup, from oysters, mussels, and cockles, is also made ; but in general the term is restricted to sauces having the juice of edible fungi as their basis. KETI, a town and port in Kurrachee district, Sind, India, situated on the Hajarnro branch of the Indus, in 24 8 30" N. lat,, 67 28 30" E. long. Population (1872), 3199. The town is a large seat of river trade, and ranks next to Kurrachee among the ports of Sind. The sea-going exports comprise grain, pulses, oilseeds, wool, cojtton, drugs, dyes, saltpetre, and firewood. The imports include cocoa- nuts, cotton piece goods, metals, sugar, spices, coir, and shells. KETTERING, a market-town of Northamptonshire, is built on a slope near the Ise, a tributary of the Nen, 14 miles north-east of Northampton, and 75 miles north-west of London. The principal buildings are the church of SS. Peter and Paul, a good specimen of the Perpendicular style, with a tower and spire ; the church of St Andrew, built in 1870, in the Decorated style; the town-hall and corn- exchange ; the temperance hall ; and the union workhouse. The water-works were erected in 1872 at a cost of 12,000. The chief manufactures of Kettering are boots, shoes, brushes, stays, clothing, and agricultural implements. There are iron-works in the immediate neighbourhood. The privilege of market was granted in 1227 by a charter of Henry III. The population in 1881 was 11,093. KEUNJHAR, or KEUNJUR, a petty state in Orissa, India, lying between 21 1 and 22 9 30" N. lat., and 85 14 and 86 24 35" E. long, with an area of 3096 square miles, and a population in 1872 of 181,871. The state originally formed part of Morbhanj ; but about two hundred years ago the tribes of this part, finding it a great hardship to travel through the perilous forests of Morbhanj to obtain justice from their prince, separated themselves, and set up the brother of the Morbhanj rajc4 as their inde pendent ruler. The last prince rendered good service during the Kol rebellion in 1857, and was rewarded with the title mahcaraja. A Government elephant establish ment is maintained at Keunjhar. KEUNTHAL, a petty hill state in the Punjab, India, between 30 55 30" and 31 6 N. lat., and 77 10 and 77 26 E. long., with an area of 116 square miles, and an estimated population of 50,000. The chief, a Rajput,
