L G L G S0;j
The Hebrew Logos and the Old Testament doctrine reach their climax in the prologue to John's Gospel. The three conceptions of the active Word, the Angel, and the Wisdom of God, which had been fused in the Rabbinical idea of a Memra, meet there in the final grandeur of the Word of God incarnate. The question of the genesis of the Johannine doctrine has been greatly debated. There is a remarkable similarity between John's terms and Philo s. But this is clue mainly to the fact that John and Philo made use of the same inherited phraseology for the expression of their several doctrines. The Johannine doctrine is not derived from the Philonic. The Logos of Philo is distinctively reason; the Logos of John is Word. The one is metaphysical; the other is theological. In Philo the Logos is the divine principle that creates and sustains. In John the Logos who creates also redeems. In Philo the Logos hovers midway between the personal and the impersonal. In John he is a distinct personality. To Philo the idea of an incarnation of God is alien and abhorrent. The heart of John's doctrine is the historical fact that the Word was made flesh.
In many of the early Christian writers, as well as in the heterodox
schools, the Logos doctrine is influenced by the Greek idea. The
Syrian Gnostic Basilides held (according to Irenseus, i. 24) that the
Logos or Word emanated from the vovs, or personified reason, as
this latter emanated from the unbegotten Father. The completes!
type of Gnosticism, the Valentinian, regarded Wisdom as the last
of the series of teons that emanated from the original Being or
Father, and the Logos as an emanation from the first two principles
that issued from God, Reason ((
Greek characters)) and Truth. Justin Martyr, the
first of the sub-apostolic fathers, taught that God produced of His
own nature a rational power ((Greek characters)), His agent in
creation, who now became man in Jesus (Dial. c. Tryph., chap. 43,
60). He affirmed also the action of the (Greek characters) (Apol.,
i. 46; ii. 13, &c.). With Tatian (Cohort, ad. Gr., chap. 5, &c.)
the Logos is the beginning of the world, the reason that comes into
being as the sharer of God's rational power. With Athenagoras
(Suppl., chap. 9, 10) He is the prototype of the world and the
energizing principle ((Greek characters)) of things. Theophilus (Ad
Autolye., ii. 10, 24) taught that the Logos was in eternity with
God as the (Greek characters), the counsellor of God, and that when
the world was to be created God sent forth this counsellor
((Greek characters)) from Himself as the (Greek characters), yet so that the
begotten Logos did not cease to be a part of Himself. With
Hippolytus (Refut., x. 32, &c.) the Logos, produced of God's own
substance, is both the divine intelligence that appears in the world
as the Son of God, and the idea of the universe immanent in God.
The early Sabellians (comp. Euseb., Hist. Eccl., vi. 33; A than.,
Contra Arian., iv.) held that the Logos was a faculty of God, the
divine reason, immanent in God eternally, but not in distinct per
sonality prior to the historical manifestation in Christ. Origen,
referring the act of creation to eternity instead of to time, affirmed
the eternal personal existence of the" Logos. In relation to God
this Logos or Son was a copy of the original, and as such inferior to that. In relation to the world he was its prototype, the (Greek characters), and its redeeming power (Contra Cels., v. 608; Frag. de Princip., i. 4; De Princip. i. 109, 324).
Literature. – In addition to the histories of philosophy (e.g., those of Ritter,
Ueberweg, Zeller, &c.), the commentaries on John's Gospel (Lücke, Godet, Westcott, &c.), and the systems of biblical theology (Oehler, Schultz, Immer, Weiss,
der Juditch-alexandrinitchen Reli,jiom-Philosophie; Dorner, History of the De
velopment of the Doctrine of the Person of Christ; Huber, Philosophic der Kirchen-
rater; Weber, System der Alt-Synagogalen Palästinischen Theologie; Grossmann,
Quæstiones Philoneæ. (S. D. F. S.)
LOGROÑO, an inland province of Spain, the smallest
of the eight modern divisions of Old Castile, is bounded
on the N. by Burgos, Alava, and Navarre, on the E. by
Navarre and Zaragoza, on the S. by Soria, and on the W.
by Burgos. The area is. 1945 square miles, with a popu
lation in 1877 of 174,425. It belongs entirely to the
basin of the river Ebro, which forms its northern boundary
except for a short distance near San Vicente, and is now
navigable throughout the entire length of the province;
its drainage takes place chiefly by the rivers Tiron, Oja,
Najerilla, Iregua, Leza, Cidacos, and Alhama, all flowing
in a north-easterly direction. The portion skirting the
Ebro forms a spacious and for the most part fertile undulating plain, called La Rioja in its western part; but in the south Logroño is considerably broken up by offshoots from the sierras which separate that river from the Douro. In the east the Cerro de Lorenzo rises to a height of about 7725 feet, and in the south the Pico Santa Ines is upwards of 7380 feet. The mineral resources, which are believed to be considerable, are as yet undeveloped. The products of the province are chiefly cereals, good oil and wine (especially in the Rioja), fruit (except oranges and lemons), silk, flax, and honey. The industries, which are unimportant, include spinning and weaving. Logroño is traversed by the Ebro valley railway, which connects Miranda del Ebro with Zaragoza; on this line are situated all the towns of the province with a population exceeding 5000 – Haro, Logroño, Calahorra, and Alfaro.
Logroño, capital of the above province, is situated on the right bank of the Ebro, which is here crossed by a handsome stone bridge of twelve arches, dating from 1138; the surrounding plain is well cultivated and fertile, producing the rich Rioja wine. The city is the seat of the usual provincial authorities, civil and military. It has a theatre, and several hospitals and convents. The parish church claims great antiquity. The population in 1877 was 13,393; the trade and industries are unimportant.
The district of Logroño was in ancient times inhabited by the Berones or Verones of Strabo and Pliny, and their Varia is to be identified with the modern suburb of the city of Logroño now known as Varea or Barea. The place fell into the hands of the Moors in the 8th century, but was speedily retaken by the Christians, and under the name of Lucronius appears with frequency in mediæval history. Logroño was the birthplace of the painter Navarrete (el Mudo) and of Espartero; the latter died there on January 9, 1879.
LOGWOOD is a valuable dye-wood, the product of a leguminous tree, Hæmatoxylon campechianum, native of Central America, and grown also in the West Indian Islands. The tree attains a height not exceeding 40 feet, and is said to be ready for felling when about ten years old. The wood, deprived of its bark and the sap-wood, is sent into the market in the form of large blocks and billets. It is very hard and dense, and externally has a dark brownish-red colour; but it is less deeply coloured within. The best qualities come from Campeachy, but it is obtained there only in small quantity. A large export trade in logwood of good quality is carried on from Honduras and Jamaica, and inferior qualities are exported from St Domingo, Martinique, Guadaloupe, &c. The wood was introduced into Europe as a dyeing substance soon after the discovery of America, but for many years (from 1581 to 1662) its use in England was prohibited by legislative enactment on account of the inferior dyes which at first were produced by its employment.
The colouring principle of logwood exists in the timber in the
form of a glucoside, from which it is liberated as hæmatoxylin or
hæmatin by fermentation. Hæmatoxylin was first isolated by
Chevreul in 1810, and its constitution was subsequently investi
gated by Erdmann, who found it to have the formula C 1B H 14 6 .
It forms two crystalline hydrates, the principal combination being
with three molecules of water. This hydrate, C 1(i H ]4 6 -f 3H a O, is
a colourless body very sparingly soluble in cold water, but dissolv
ing freely in hot water and in alcohol. By exposure to the air,
especially in alkaline solutions, hæmatoxylin is rapidly oxidized
into hivmatein, with the development of a fine purple colour. The
reaction consists in the elimination of two atoms of hydrogen,
thus: – hæmatoxylin hydrate (C 18 H 14 6 + 3H.,0) + = hæmatein
(CHi S Oq + 3H 2 0) + H 2 O. This reaction of hæmatoxylin is exceed
ingly rapid and delicate, rendering that body a valuable laboratory
test for alkalies. It is remarkable that the difference of two atoms
of hydrogen between colourless hæmatoxylin and coloured hæmatein
is precisely that which exists between the white and the blue forms
of indigo. By the action of hydrogen and sulphurous acid,
hæmatem is easily reduced to hæmatoxylin.
