828 LONDON TABLE XL Annual Rate of Mortality, 1851-81. [MARKETS. Area In Square Miles. Persons to a Square Mile, 1881. Annual Rate of Mortality per 1000 Persons living. Ten Years. Year 1880. 1880 Quarters ending 1881 Quarters ending 1851-60. 1861-70. 1871-80. March. June. Sept. Dec. March. June. Sept. Dec. 118 32,327 23-6 24-3 22-4 21-5 26-5 18-8 20-4 20-1 22-7 20-2 20-5 21-7 TABLE XII. Deaths from Zymotic Diseases and from all Causes, 1841-81. Total Births. Total Deaths. Deaths of Infants under one Year. Deaths from Principal Zymotic Diseases. Pevcuntaffe of Deaths from Prinripal Zymotic Diseases. Total. Smallpox. Measles. Scarlet Fever. Diph theria. Hoopinp- Cough. Fever. Diarrhoea. Cholera. 1841-51 1851-60 1861-70 1871-79 1881 665,661 864,563 1,067,988 1,114,685 528,110 610,473 736,342 710,869 81,120 104,4<U 133,775 173,454 175,662 20,907 109,244 129,913 156,988 120,908 13,681 8,416 7,150 8,347 15,076 475 13,011 13,766 17,338 16,439 1,301 18, 26, 34,391 18,192 3,073 514 317 5,323 3,792 541 18,079 22,497 26.550 25,278 3,438 20,890 22,597 2T,149 12,111 886 14,946 24,700 30,487 28,824 3,767 15,588 12,886 7,403 1,196 20-9 21-3 21-3 170 16-9 Marriage- The mean marriage-rate for ten years 1870-79 was 19 2, and for rate. 1880 it was 18*1. The percentage of children born out of wedlock in 1880 was 3 9, that for England being 4 8. Provision MARKETS AXD FOOD SUPPLY. A regulation passed in markets. 277 ordained that no market should be kept on London Bridge or elsewhere except in places specially appointed for the purpose, and that no person should buy wares in Southwark that were to be bought in the City. In 1322 a decree was issued by the mayor that none should sell fish or flesh "out of the markets appointed, to wit, Bridge Street, East Cheap, Old Fish Street, St Nicholas shambles, and Stocks market"; and in 1328 a charter was granted to the corporation by Edward III., conveying to it the sole right to establish markets within 7 miles circuit of the city. In 1345 a proclamation was passed that poultry instead of being sold in lanes cr hostels should be brought to Leaden Hall, and in the same year it was decreed that butchers and fishmongers should sell in the enclosed place called the " Stokkes," and not in the king s highway. After Acts passed in 1351 and 1382 on behalf of aliens and foreigners, all regulations formerly mado in reference to the sale of provisions in London were repealed, and the dealers placed under the control of the mayor and aldermen, thus confirming a system of public markets and bazaars even for the retail trade, which remained almost inviolate till the time of Edward VI. , up to whose reign there was, according to Stow, scarcely such a thing as a shop between Westminster and St Paul s. The system, though now broken up even in regard to provisions so far as the retail trade is concerned, remains intact in regard to the vending of certain provisions wholesale, and still exercises a con siderable influence on general retail. The principal markets mentioned by Stow are Smithfield, Bartholomew Fair, Leaden Hall, Grass Church (Grace Church) market, chiefly for corn, meal, and cheese ; East Cheap flesh market, the adjoining alley to which, Red Rose Lane, had by this time received the less idyllic title of Pudding Lane, on account of the butchers making use of it for the disposal of the offal before transferring it to their dung-boats on the Thames ; Newgate market for corn, afterwards for meat ; St Nicholas shambles; Stocks market, established in 1282 on a place occupied by public stocks, and rebuilt in 1410, for flesh, fish, and poultry ; and the fish market in Old Fish Street. He also states that in 1302 bread was sold in Bread Street in the open market. Before the great fire Stocks market was occupied by greengrocers, the important vegetable market at Honey Lane had also been established, and markets, chiefly for meat and fowls, were held at Holborn Bars and outside Temple Bars. The increase of the population led in 1657 to the establishment by Lord Clare of Clare market, which, though now fre quented only by a very humble class of buyers, was declared a free market by a special Act of Cromwell s parliament, and was for a long time one of the principal markets for all kinds of provisions. Other markets sub sequently established were those of St James by the earl of St Albans, Bloomsbury by the earl of Southampton, Brook market by Lord Brook, Hungerford market, New port market, Haymarket, and Mayfair. Newport market for meat still exists, but the others have been gradually superseded. The principal markets now existing are Smithfield (central meat market and poultry market), Leadenhall (poultry and game), Billingsgate (fish), Covent Garden (fruit and vegetables), the cattle markets at Copen hagen Fields and Deptford, the Bermondsey leather market, and the Cumberland, Smithfield, and Whitechapel hay markets. A market for horses and cattle was held at Smithfield (Smooth- Old field) in the time of Fitzstephen, and doubtless long anterior to Smith- this. The priory of St Bartholomew in Smithfield obtained from field Henry II. the privilege of a fair for drapers, which was kept three market, days yearly, originally in the churchyard at a considerable distance from the place occupied by the cattle market, and latterly became a scene of great riot, until it was abolished in 1853. A year later the cattle market was removed to Copenhagen Fields. There were 80 butchers in London and suburbs in 1533, each of whom killed 9 oxen weekly, which in forty-six weeks, none being killed in Lent, would amount to 33,120 yearly. In John Erswick s Brief Note of tJie Benefits of Fish Days (1593), it is estimated that 60 butchers, freemen of the city, killed each 5 oxen weekly, or altogether 300 per week, and that the foreigners or non-freemen killed four times as many, or 1200 weekly, the total number of cattle annually killed being thus 69,000. By Richard II. a law was passed enacting that no flesh should be killed in London but at Knightsbridge or such like distance from the city, but in the time of Stow the slaughter houses of the freemen butchers were in Pentecost Lane adjoining St Nicholas shambles and near the Butchers Hall. Probably the arrangements in regard to slaughter-houses were then more advanced in London than they are now, for, although sufficient slaughter houses to dispose of all the cattle sold at Copenhagen Fields have been erected adjoining the market, a very large number of cattle are still killed in underground cellars, which, notwithstanding the superintendence of the Board of Works under the Slaughter- Houses Act of 1874, are in the majority of cases totally unsuited for the pur pose. The number of these slaughter-houses before the passing of the Act, when they were licensed by the justices, was 1429 ; but they have now been reduced to a little over 900. The following table (XIII.) gives the average yearly number of sheep and cattle sold at Smithfield at various periods from 1731 to 1854, when the market was removed : Cattle. Sheep. Cattle. Sheep. 1731-1740 1751-1760 1791-1800 1801-1810 95,601 86,271 124,695 131,318 583,713 648,684 757,672 951,940 1842-1846 1847-1851 1852-1854 1854 185.529 226,856 266,279 263,008 1,523,850 I,480,fil4 1,521,923 1,539,380 The market at Copenhagen Fields, Holloway, covers upwards of Copen- 20 acres, and was erected at a cost of 441,000, with accommoda- hagen tion for 6616 bullocks, 34,980 sheep, 1425 calves, and 900 pigs. Fields Deptford foreign market, which occupies the site of Deptford dock- and yard, and was bought for 100,000, has an area of 22 acres. The Deptford following table (XIV.) gives the number of cattle, sheep, and pigs markets, sold at the metropolitan markets since 1870 :
