166 P A L P A L in the conspiracy which dethroned Isaac Angclus in favour of Alexius Angelas in 1195. Andronicus Paloeo- logus Comnenus was Great Domestic under Theodore Lascaris and John Vatatzes ; his eldest son by Irene Pakuologina, MICHAEL (7.1 .), became the eighth emperor of that name in 1260, and was in turn followed by his son Androuicus II. (1282-1328). Michael, the son of Andronicus, and associated with him in the empire, died in 1320, but left a son, Andronicus III.,, who reigned from 1328 to 1341 ; John VI. (1355-1391), Manuel II. (1391-1425), and John VII. (1425-1448) then followed in lineal succession ; Constantine XIII., the last emperor of Constantinople (1448-1453), was the younger brother of John VII. Other brothers were Demetrius, prince of Morea until 1460, and Thomas, prince of Achaia, who died at Rome in 1465. A daughter of Thomas, Zoe by iiame, married Ivan III. of Russia, A younger branch of the Pakeologi held the principality of Monferrat from 1305 to 1533, when it became extinct. PALAEONTOLOGY. See GEOLOGY, vol. x. pp. 319 sq. Further details will be found in DISTRIBUTION and in the articles on the various zoological groups and forms (see, e.g., BIRDS, ICHTHYOLOGY, ICHTHYOSAURUS, MAM MALIA, MAMMOTH). PAL.EOTHERIUM. See MAMMALIA, vol. xv. p. 429. PAL^EPHATUS, the author of a treatise -n-f.pl dTno-rwi/, "On Incredible (Narratives)," which has been preserved. It consists of a series of explanations of Greek legends, without any attempt at arrangement or plan. It is obviously a mere epitome of some more complete work. The great number of MSS., containing numerous varia tions in text, and the frequent quotations made from the treatise by late writers, show that it was a favourite work in their time. It is probable that the original treatise, from which it was abbreviated, was the Av o-eis TWV /U.V$IKO>S et/)T7/xeVwv of a late writer mentioned by Suidas as a grammarian of Egypt or of Athens. PALAFOX Y MELZI, JOSE DE (1780-1847), duke of Saragossa, was the youngest son of an old Aragonese family. Brought up at the Spanish court, he entered the guards at an early age, and in 1808 he accompanied Ferdinand to Bayonne, but made his escape after the king s abdication. While he was living in retirement at his family seat near Saragossa, the inhabitants proclaimed him governor of that city and captain-general of the kingdom of Aragon (May 25, 1808), an honour which he owed to his rank, and, it is said, to his appearance, rather than to talent or experience in military affairs. Despite the want of money and of regular troops, he lost no time in declaring war against the French, who had already overrun the neighbouring provinces of Catalonia and Navarre, and soon afterwards the attack he had provoked began ; Saragossa was bombarded on July 22, and on August 4 the French were masters of nearly the half of the town. Summoned to surrender, Palafox sent the famous reply of " War to the Knife," and on the following day his brother succeeded in forcing a passage into the city with 3000 troops. It was resolved, amid the en thusiasm of the inhabitants (whose real leaders belonged to the lower orders), to contest possession of the remaining quarters of Saragossa inch by inch, and if necessary to retire to the suburb across the Ebro, destroying the bridge. The struggle, which was prolonged for nine days longer, resulted in the withdrawal of the French (August 14) after a siege which had lasted sixty-one days in all. Operations, however, were resumed by Marshals Mortier and Moncey in November, and after more than 50,000 (it is said) of the inhabitants had perished, partly through the ravages of an epidemic by which Palafox himself was attacked, a capitulation was signed on February 21. After his recovery Palafox was sent into France and closely confined at Vincennes, but was liberated on the restoration of Ferdinand. In June 1814 he was confirmed in the office of captain-general of Aragon, but soon afterwards withdrew from it, and, having indeed no real aptitude for them, ceased to take part in public affairs. He received the title of duke of Saragossa in 1824, and died at Madrid on February 15, 1847. PALAMAS. See HESYCHASTS, vol. xi. p. 782. PALANPUR, a native state in Guzerat, Bombay, India, lying between 23 57 and 24 41 N. lat., and between 71 51 and 72 45 E. long., with an area of 3510 square miles, and a population of 234,402. The country is mountainous, with much forest towards the north, but undulating and open in the south and east. The principal rivers are the Saraswati and Bands. The chief, an Afgha-n of the Lohdni tribe, enjoys an estimated gross revenue of 40,000, and pays a tribute to the gdekwdr of Baroda. Pdlanpur town, the capital of the state, contained a popu lation in 1881 of 17,547. PALATINATE, THE (German, Pfafz), included for some time (from the middle of the 17th to the latter part of the 18th century) two distinct German districts, the Upper or Bavarian Palatinate, and the Lower Palatinate or the Palatinate on the Rhine. The Upper Palatinate, a duchy, belonged to the Nordgau and Bavarian circle, and was bounded by Baireuth, Bohemia, Neuburg, Bavaria, and the territory of Nuremberg. In 1807 (with Cham and Sulz- bach) it had 283,800 inhabitants. The Lower Palatinate belonged to the electoral Rhenish circle, and was bounded by Mainz, Katzenellenbogen, Wiirtemberg, Baden, Alsace, Lorraine, and Treves. It took in the Electoral Palatinate (with a population, in 1786, of 305,000), the principality of Simmern, the duchy of Zweibriicken, half of the county of Sponheim, and the principalities of Veldenz and Lautern. The palsgraves of the Rhine originally had their seat in Aix-la-Chapelle. In the llth century the country called the Palatinate belonged to them as an hereditary fief, in virtue of which they ranked among the foremost princes of the empire. In 1156, after the death of Palsgrave Hermann III. without heirs, the Palatinate was granted by the emperor Frederick I. to his step-brother Duke Conrad of Swabia. Conrad was succeeded by his son-in-law, Duke Henry of Brunswick, the eldest son of Henry the Lion. In the contest for the crown between Otho IV. and Frederick II., Henry took part with Otho IV., his brother; and in 1215 Frederick II. punished him by putting him to the ban of the empire, and by granting the Palatinate to Louis, duke of Bavaria. Louis was never able to assert his claims with complete success ; but his son Otho II. married Agnes, the daughter and heiress of Henry, and thus the Palatinate passed into the hands of the Bavarian family. In 1256 the whole territory of the family was divided between Louis II. and Henry, Otho s sons, Louis II. obtaining the Palatinate and Upper Bavaria, and Henry Lower Bavaria. The possessions of Louis II. were inherited in 1294 by his two sons, Rudolph I. and Louis, the Palatinate and the electoral dignity going to the former, while the latter (who ultimately became emperor) received Upper Bavaria, to which Lower Bavaria was afterwards added. The claims of Louis to the imperial crown were contested by Frederick the Fair, duke of Austria ; and, as Rudolph I. supported Frederick, his brother deprived him of his lands, which were then held in succession by Rudolph s three sons, Adolph, who died in 1327, Rudolph II., who died in 1353, and Rupert L, who died in 1390. Rudolph II. concluded a treaty with the emperor Louis, whereby the electoral vote was to be delivered alternately by Bavaria and by the Palatinate ;
