P A L P A L 185 first of these, and at the same time the earliest, has been published in a critical edition in five volumes by Professor Oldenberg, London, 1879-83, while a translation by the same and Mr Khys Davids is in progress in the Sacred Books of the East. One of its constituent parts, the Pdtimokkha, mentioned already by Laloubere, was edited and translated into Russian by Minayeff (1869) ; an English translation by Gogerly had appeared thirty years previously in vol. iii. of the Ceylon Friend, and the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society for 1875 brought out a new translation, accompanied by the Pali text, by J. F. Dick- son. Editions of the text have also appeared in Ceylon and Burmah. A ritualistic manual, the Kammavaca, the first chapter of which was edited by Spiegel with a Latin translation in 1841, was the first Pali text published in Europe. The first of the numerous works composing the Suttapitaka that was made accessible to Pali scholars in Europe was the Dhammapada, or Path to Virtue, a criti cal edition of which, with a Latin translation and copious extracts from Buddhaghosa s commentary, was brought out by Professor Fausboll, of Copenhagen, in 1855. So popu lar has this work proved as a type of Buddhistic sentiment that no less than two English translations (by Professor F. Max Miiller in 1870 and 1881, and by Professor J. Gray, of Rangoon, in 1881), (5ne in German (by Professor A. Weber, 1860), and one in French (by M. F. Hu, 1878) have appeared, besides various editions printed at Colombo and Rangoon, with translations into the respective ver naculars. Other collections of moral maxims also, such as Lokaniti and Dhammaniti, appear to be favourite books in Burmah. Of the other works of the Suttapitaka, the Jdtaka Book, an account of the five hundred and fifty previous births of Buddha, has till quite recently absorbed the lion s share of attention on account of its being the oldest extant collection of fables and popular stories, many of which have at an early date found their way to the West, and are still current amongst us. Three volumes of the text of this extensive work, edited by Professor Fausboll, and one volume of the translation, by Professor Rhys Davids, have up to the present appeared, while many of the most interesting tales, in groups of from two to twelve, were separately published by the same editor between the years 1858 and 1872. Other works belonging to the same division which have been published are Khuddakapatha (by Professor Childers, 1869), Buddhavansa and Cariyapitaka (by Dr Morris, 1882), Anguttaranikdya (by the same, 1884), and Majjhimanikdya (by Trenckner, 1884); and a number of others, such as Itivuttaka, Theragdthd, Theri- </athd, and Apadana, are, thanks to the active zeal of the working members of the newly founded Pali Text Society, either in progress or in preparation. An edition of Sutta- nipdta, by Professor Fausboll, whose translation of the work appeared in 1881, is also passing through the press. Seven suttas from the Dighanikdya, prepared for publication by the late P. Grimblot, appeared in Paris in 1876; and a number of others, from various collections, edited and translated by L. Feer. are to be found in the Journal Asiatique. An edition, by Professor Childers, of the Mahdparinibbdnasiitta, from the Dighanikdya, was pub lished in 1876, and a translation of the same and other suttas, by Professor Rhys Davids, forms vol. xi. of the Sacred Books of the East. Lastly, Dr Morris has in the press an edition and translation of " the Six Jewels of the Law," one of which is the Mahdsatipatthdnasutta, a favourite text-book in Burmah and Ceylon. The Milinda- pa/lha, a work of the middle of the 2d century B.C., a scholarly edition of which we owe to Trenckner (1880), though obviously not a canonical book, may well be classed with this second division. The Abhidhammapitaka has so little in it to attract the European student of Pali that an edition of any of its components parts is not likely to be forthcoming for some time. A compendium of its tenets, the Abhidhammatthasangaha, has been frequently printed in the Burmese and in the Sinhalese character. While in Siain ard Ceylon the law-books are in the vernacular, they are in Burnu-.h in the original Pali, which is generally accompanied by a Burmese gloss. San Germane translated one of them (see his work on Burmah, p. 173 sq. ) in the end oflast century. Several of them have in recent years been brought out at Rangoon by Colonel H. Browne, and the oldest of them, by King Wagaru, is passing through the press. The editor, Professor Forchhammer, has also supplied valuable translations to the series of Mr Jardine s Notes on Buddhist Law, which are appearing at Rangoon. A critical edition of the Laws of JUanurdja, by Dr Fiihrer, is in the press at Bombay. The age of the oldest Pali grammarian, Kaccayana, is still under dispute ; it is far more likely, however, that it has to be placed towards the end of the llth century A.D. (see Colonel Fryer s paper in Jonr. Bcng. As. Soc. for 1882) than with J. D Alwis in the 6th century B.C. While his system is the one which has long been current in Burmah, the grammar by Moggallana (second half of the 12th century) represents the leading grammatical school of Ceylon. Eound both a large number of grammatical works have grown up, more than sixty of which are specified and fully described by Subhuti in the introduction to his book on the Pali declensions (A"dmamdld, Colombo, 1876). M. E. Senart has given an excellent edition and exposition of Kaccayana s grammar Paris, 1871), some chapters of which had previously been made the subject of separate treatises by J. D Alwis and Professor E. Kuhn. The first five chapters of the Bdldtutdra were edited and translated by L. F. Lee (Ceylon As. Soc. Jour, for 1870-71), and the sixth chapter of the RApasiddhi, another old grammar, was recently published by Dr Griinwedel (Berlin, 1883). The oldest Pali vocabulary, called Abhidhanappadtpikd, and compiled by the above-mentioned Moggallana on the model of the Amara- kosha, was first printed at Colombo in 1824 as an appendix to dough s grammar. A better edition, by Subhuti, with English and Sinhalese interpretations, notes, and appendices, appeared in 1865, of which a much improved reissue has just appeared at Colombo, to be followed in a second volume by full alphabetical indices. The Dhdtumanjiisd, a dictionary of Pali radicals, by Silavansa, was edited with English and Sinhalese translation at Colombo in 1872. Vuttodaya, a work on metre by Sangharakkhita, who is identified with Moggallana, was first edited and translated by Professor Minayeff of St Petersburg in 1869, and in 1877, as No, II. of his Pdli Studies, by Colonel G. E. Fryer, who had previously, in the first essay (1875), given the text with a full analysis of a work on rhetoric, called Subodh&lankdra, by the same author. There are great facilities in Europe for the study of Pali and its extensive literature. The British Museum, the University Library of Cambridge, and the library of the India Office are rich in Pali MSS., and a catalogue raisonne of the last-mentioned collection, by Professor Oldenberg, is accessible to students. The Royal Library of Copenhagen contains the MSS. which the late Professor E. Ra>k had brought from India, probably the finest collection in Europe, a catalogue of which was published in 1846. The National Library of Paris is the only one in Europe that possesses, in addition to a large number of MSS. in the Sinhalese and Burmese characters, a fine assemblage of MSS. in Cambodian letters. There are also Pali MSS. in the museums of learned societies and in private hands, and it would be well if means could be devised for bringing these hidden treasures to light and utilizing them for literary purposes, for the study of the Pali language and literature has been making rapid strides within the last ten years. Lectures on Tali are delivered at Cambridge, in Paris, and in most of the German univer sities, and the number of publications of Pali texts increases year by year. It is already admitted that Childers s Dictionary, the publication of which in 1875 formed an epoch in the study of Pali, no longer suffices to supply the want, and that a more comprehensive work, or at least a supplementary dictionary, is urgently needed, dough s Pali Grammar, which appeared at Colombo in 1824, found its way to Europe so tardily that it was still unknown to the authors of the Essai sur le Pali when they published their supplement to it in 1827, and it has always been a scarce book. In 1872 Professor Minayeff brought out at St Petersburg a Pali grammar, written in Russian, which was translated into French by M. S. Guyard five years later. An English translation made from that French version, by C. G. Adams, appeared at Maulmain in 1882. Meantime Professor E. Kuhn of Munich published his valuable Beitrage zur Pali-Gram- matik (Berlin, 1875), a mine of wealth for all students of the language. It is from this book and from Dr Ed. Miiller s grammar, to be named presently, that most of the examples in the above grammatical sketch have been culled. In 1881 there appeared at Christiania Die Flexion des Pali in ihrem Yerhaltniss zum Sanskrit, by Alf Torp, and last year in London Dr Frankfurter s Handbook of Pali, being an Elementary Grammar, a Chrestomathy, and a Glossary, at the same time that at Rangoon Professor J. Gray s Elements of Pdli Grammar left the press. The grammar by Dr Ed. Miiller, just published, deserves to be called a pattern of critical scholarship. Much valuable information on grammatical and etymological questions may also be gained from Professor Fr. Miiller s Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Pa i-Spracha, Vienna, 18fi7-69; Dr Morris s Report on Pali Literature," in Proc. Philol. Soc., 1880; and last, not least, V. Trenckner s Pali Miscellany, part i., Copenhagen, 1879. (R. R.) PALIMPSEST, a term applied to any material from which writing has been removed to make room for another text, and which has thus been prepared or scraped a second time (TroAi/Lu/^o-Tos). Such an object therefore as an in scribed monumental stone or brass may be made palimpsest. XVIII. 24
