P A L P A M 203 times have been collected by Quatremere, Sultans Mamlouks, ii. 1, p. 255. Once all but annihilated by earthquake (434 A.H.), and passing through many political vicissitudes, Tadraor was still a wealthy place, with considerable trade, as late as the 14th century ; but in the general decline of the East, and the change of the great trade routes, it at length sunk to a poor group of hovels gathered in the courtyard of the great Temple of Sun. The ruins first became known to Europe in 1678 through W. Halifax, an Aleppo merchant. The architecture was carefully studied in 1751 by Wood and Dawkins, whose splendid folio (The Ruins of Palmyra, Lond., 1753) also gave copies of inscriptions. 1 But, though the site was often visited and some stones with Semitic as well as Greek writing reached Europe, the great epigraphic wealth of Palmyra was first thoroughly opened to study by the collections of Waddington and De Vogue, made in 1861-62. Subsequent dis coveries have been of minor importance, with the notable exception of the great fiscal inscription spoken of above, discovered by Prince Abamelek Lazarew. Sources. To the writers already nsed by Tillemont and Gibbon, of whom Zosimus appears on the whole the best informed, must be added the fragments of the anonymous continuator of Dio (Petrus Patricius?) first published by Mai. For the coins, Sallet s Fursten von Palmyra (186G) must be read with his later essay. Num. Zeitsch., ii. 31 sq. (Vienna, 1870). For the Greek inscriptions, see the Cor. Insc. Gr., but especially the work of Le Bas and Waddington, vol. iii. To the great collection of Aramaic inscriptions in De VogUe", Syrie Centrale, must be added the gleanings of other travellers (Mordtmann, Sitzungsb. of the Munich Ac., 1875; Sachau,_in Z. D. M. G., xxxv. 728 sq.), with some stones brought to Europe at an earlier date, and the monuments of natives of Palmyra in Africa and Britain (see Levy, Z. D. M. G., xii.. xv., xviii.; W. Wright, "The Palmyrene Inscr. of S. Shields," Tr. Soc. Bib. Arch., vi.). The great fiscal inscription was published by De Vogue", Jour. As., ser. 8, vols. i., ii.; comp. Sachau in Z. D. M. G., xxxvii. 562 sq., and 11. Cagnat in Rev. de PhiJoL, viii. 135 sq. The dialect lias been thoroughly discussed by Noltleke iu Z. D. M. G., xxiv. 85 sq. Its nearest affinities are with Biblical Aram .ic. (W. R. S.) PALOMINO D"E CASTRO Y VELASCO, ACISCLO ANTONIO (1653-1726), Spanish painter and writer on art, was born of good family at Bujalance, near Cordoba, in 1653, and studied philosophy, theology, and law at that capital, receiving -also lessons in painting from Yaldes Leal, who visited Cordoba in 1672, and afterwards from Alfaro (1675). After taking minor orders he removed to Madrid in 1678, where he associated with Alfaro, Coello, and Careno, and executed some indifferent frescos. He soon afterwards married a lady of rank, and, having been appointed alcalde of the mesta, was himself ennobled ; and in 1688 he was appointed painter to the king. He visited Valencia in 1697, and remained there three or four years, again devoting himself with but poor success to fresco painting. Between 1705 and 1715 he resided for con siderable periods at Salamanca, Granada, and Cordoba; in the latter year the first volume of his work on art appeared in Madrid. After the death of his wife in 1725 Palomino took priest s orders. He died on August 13, 1726. His work, in three vols. folio (1715-24), entitled El Museo Plctorico y Escala Optica, consists of three parts, of which the first two, on the theory and practice of the art of painting, are with out interest or value ; the third, with the subtitle El Parnaso Espauol Pintorcsco Laurcado, is a mine of important biographical material relating to Spanish artists, which, notwithstanding its faulty style, has procured for the author the not altogether undeserved honour of being called the " Spanish Vasari. " It was partially translated into English in 1739 ; an abridgment of the original (Las Villas de los Pintorcs y Estatuarios Espanolcs] was published in London in 1742, and afterwards appeared in a French translation iu 1749. X German version was published at Dresden in 1781, and a reprint of the entire work at Madrid in 1797. PALUDAN-MULLER, FREDERIK (1809-1876), the leading poet of Denmark during the middle of the present century, was born at Kjerteminde on the 7th February 1809. His father Avas Jens Paludan-M tiller, a distin guished bishop of Aarhuus. He was educated at the cathedral school of Odense from 1820 to 1828; in the latter year he passed to the university of Copenhagen. In 1832 he opened his career as a poet with Four Romances, and a romantic comedy entitled Kjserlighed ved Ho/et ("Love at Court"). This enjoyed a great success, and was succeeded in 1833 by Dandserinden (" The Dancer"), and ] For the site and the present aspect of the ruins, which are less perfect than at Wood s visit, see especially papers by W. Wright (of Damascus) in Leisure Hour, 1876 ; Socin-Baedeker s Handbook; and the recent Reise of Sachau (Berlin, 1883), which gives a general photograph, and one of the most perfect ruin, the small Sun-Temple. in 1 834 by the lyrical drama of Amor og Psyche. There was now no do ibt about Paludan-Miiller s genius. In 1835 he came under the influence of Byron, and published an Oriental tale, Zuleimas Flugt (" Zuleima s Flight"), which was less successful than the preceding books. But he regained all that he had lost by his two volumes of Poems in 1836 and 1838. Paludan-Miiller now left his native country for the first time, and spent two years (1838-40) in Germany, Italy, and France. The next dates in his career are those of the publication of his principal masterpieces his lyrical dramas, Venus, 1841 ; Dryadens Bryllup (" The Dryad s Wedding "), 1844 ; Tit /ion (" Tithonus "), 1844; and his famous didactico-humoristic epic Adam Homo, in three volumes, 1841-48. His later works include Abels Ddd (" The Death of Abel "), 1854 ; Kalanus, an Indian tragedy; Paradiset (" Paradise "), a lyrical drama, 1861 ; Benedikt fra Nurcia, 1861 ; Tiderne Skifte ( "The Times are Changing"), a comedy, 1874; and Adonis, an exqui site romance in verse, 1874. Besides these works, all of which are poetical, Paludan-Miiller published a story, Ungdomskilden (" The Fountain of Youth"), in 1865, and an historical novel in three volumes, Ivar Lykke s Historic (" The Story of Ivar Lykke"), 1866-73. The poet lived a very retired life, first in Copenhagen, then for many years in a cottage on the outskirts of the royal park of Fredensborg. He died in his house in Ny Adelgade, Copenhagen, on the 27th December 1876. Paludan-Miiller s genius has been made the subject of one of the most brilliant of George Brandes s monographs. His work was varied, but of remarkably high and level merit. His lyrical dramas form a group of pure poems, of an elevated class, which would dis tinguish him above most of the European poets of his time, even if he had not shown himself, in Adam Homo, to be a great satirist as well. His artistic form was singularly fine. He might have been a more finished thinker if his imagination had not been dis turbed by Byron. The reader who desires to study Paludan- Miiller at his best must read the first book of Adam Homo, and the whole of Kalanus and of Adonis. His poetical works were collected in eight volumes in 1878-79. PALWAL, in Gurgaon district, Punjab, India, with a population in 1881 of 10,635, is a town of great antiquity, supposed to figure in the earliest Aryan traditions under the name of Apelava, part of the Pandava kingdom of Indraprastha. Its importance is purely historical, and the place is now a mere agricultural centre. PAMIERS, capital of an arrondissement, an episcopal see, and the most populous town (10,478 inhabitants) of the department of Ariege, France, lies on the right bank of that river, 40 miles south of Toulouse, in the middle of a fertile and well- watered valley. Its wines were at one time in high repute. Its industrial establishments at present comprise flour mills, spinning-mills, serge factories, and some large forges, and there is also a gold-washing company (the Ariege derives its name from its auriferous character). The cathedral of Pamiers, with an octagonal Gothic tower, is a bizarre mixture of the Grseco-Roman and Gothic styles ; the church of Notre Dame du Camp is noticeable for its crenellated and machicolated fagade. From the site of the old castle, which still retains the name of Castellat, there is a fine view of the Pic de St Barthelemy and the valley of the Ariege. Pamiers was originally a castle built in the beginning of the 12th century by Roger II., count of Foix, on lands belonging to the abbey of St Antonin de Fredelas. The abbots of St Antonin, and afterwards the bishops, shared the superiority of the town with the counts. This gave rise to numerous disputes between monks, counts, sovereigns, bishops, and the consuls of the town. Pamiers was sacked by Jean de Foix in 1486, again during the religious wars, and, finally, in 1628 by Conde. PAMIR. See ASIA, vol. ii. p. 686, and Oxus, p. 103, supra. PAMPAS. See ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, vol. ii. p. 487. PAMPHILUS, an eminent promoter of learning in the early church, is said to have been born, of good family.
