206 P A M P A M Henry III. in particular were severely handled in Lcs Hcrmapln-o- ditcs (c. 1605), which was followed by a long series of imitations. Between Francis I. and Charles IX. the general tone of the pam phlet literature was grave, pedantic, and dogmatic, with few songs and an occasional political satire. From the latter period to the death of Henry IV. it became audacious, cruel, and dangerous, attended, however, with a considerable increase of political songs. The Satyrc Menippec (1594), one of the most perfect models of the pamphlet in the language, did more harm to the League than all the victories of Henry IV. The pamphlets against the Jesuits were many and violent. Pere Richeome defended the order in Chasse du renard Pasquier (1603), the latter person being their vigorous oppon ent Etienne Pasquier. On the death of the king the country was filled with appeals for revenge against the Jesuits for his murder; the best known of them was the Anti-Colon (1610), generally attri buted to Cesar de Plaix. During the regency of Mary de Medici the pamphlet changed its severer form to a more facetious type. In spite of the danger of such proceeding under the uncompromising ministry of Richelieu, there was no lack of libels upon him, which were even in most instances printed in France. These largely increased during the Fronde, but it was Mazarin who was the sub ject of more of this literature than any other historical personage. It has been calculated that from the Parisian press alone there came sufficient Jfazarinadcs to fill 150 quarto volumes each of 500 pages. Eight hundred were published during the siege of Paris (February 8 to March 11, 1649). A collection of satirical pieces, entitled Tableau du gouvcrncmcnt de Richelieu, Mazarin, Fouquct, et Colbert (1693) extends to 432 pages. Pamphlets, dealing with the amours of the king and his courtiers were in vogue in the time of Louis XIV., the most caustic of them being the Carte Geogra- phiquc de la Cour (1668) of Bussy-Rabutin. The presses of Holland and the Low Countries teemed with tracts against Colbert, Le Tellier, Louvois, and Pere Lachaise. The first of the ever-memor able Provincialcs appeared on January 23, 1656, under the title of Lettre de Louis de Montallc, a un provincial de ses amis, and the remaining eighteen came out at irregular intervals during the next fifteen months. They excited extraordinary attention throughout Europe. The Jesuit replies were feeble and ineffectual. John Law and the schemes of the bubble period caused much popular raillery. During the long reign of Louis XV. the distinguished names of Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Diderot, D Alembert, D Holbach, Helvetius, and Beaumarchais must be added to the list of writers in this class. The preliminary struggle between the parliament and the crown gave rise to hundreds of pamphlets, which grew still more numerous as the Revolution approached. Linguet and Mirabeau began their appeals to the people. Camille Desmoulins came into notice as a publicist during the elections for the states-general ; but perhaps the piece which caused the most sensation was the Quest ce que le Tiers tat (1789) of the Abbe Sieyes. The Domine salvum fac Regem and Fange lingua (1789) were two royalist brochures of unsavoury memory. The financial disorders of 1790 occasioned the Effets des assignats sur le prix du pain of Dupont de Nemours ; Necker was attacked in the Criminelle Neckerologie of Marat ; and the Vrai miroir de la noblesse dragged the titled names of France through the mire. The massacre of the Champ de Mars, the death of Mirabeau, and the flight of the king in 1791, the noyades of Lyons and the crime of Charlotte Corday in 1793, and the terrible winter of 1794 have each their respective pamphlet literature, more Or less violent in tone. Under the consulate and the empire the only writers of note who ventured to seek this method of appealing to the world were Madame de Stae l, B. Constant, and Chateaubriand. The royalist reaction in 1816 was the cause of the Petition of Paul Louis Courier, the first of those brilliant productions of a master of the art. He gained the distinction of judicial procedure with his Simple Discours in 1821, and published in 1824 his last political work Le pamphlet des pamphlets, the most eloquent justification of the pamphlet ever penned. The Memoire a consultcr of Montlosier attacked the growing power of the Congregation. The year 1827 saw an augmentation of severity in the press laws and the establish ment of the censure. The opposition also increased in power and activity, but found its greatest support in the songs of Beranger and the journalism of Migrtet, Thiers, and Carrel. M. de Comenin was the chief pamphleteer of the reign of Louis-Philippe. His Oui et non (1845), Feu, feu (1846), and Livredes orateurs, par Timon, were extremely successful. The events of 1848 gave birth to a number of parnphhts, chiefly pale copies of the more virile writings of the first revolution. Among the few men of power Louis Veuillot was the Pere Duchesne of the clericals and Victor Hugo the Camille Des moulins or Marat of the republicans. After 1852 there was no lack of venal apologies of the coup d etat. Within more recent times the second empire suffered from many bitter attacks, among which may be mentioned the Lettre sur Vhistoire de France (1861) of the Due d Aumale, Propos de Labienus (1865) of Rogeard, Dialogue aux enfrrs (1864) of Maurice Joly and Ferry s Comptcs fantas- tiques (V Ilaussmann (1868). Literature. In the article LIHRARIES will be found references to collections of pamphlets in public libnuirs. An excellent catalogue by W. Oldys of those in the Hurleiun Library is added to the 10th volume of the edition of the Mis cellany by T. Park; and in the Biblioteca volatile di 0. Cinelli, 2d ed., 1734- 47, 4 vols. 4to, may be seen a bibliography of pamphlet-literature, chiefly Italian and Latin, with notes. It is of course impossible to supply an account of all the volumes of collected pamphlets, but a few of the more representative in English may be mentioned. These arc The Phenijr. 1707, 2 vols. 8vo; Morgan s P/iteni.c Britannicus, 1732, 4to; Hishop Edmund Gibson s Preservative against Popery, 1738, 3 vols. foli->, new ed., 1848-40, 18 vols. sin. 8vo, consisting chiefly of the anti-Catholic discourses of James II. s time; The Harleian Miscellany, 1744-53, 8 vols. 4to, new ed. by T. Park, 1808-13, 10 vols. 4to, containing COO to 700 pieces illustrative of English history, from the library of Edward Ilarley, earl of Oxford; Collection of scarce and valuab e tracts [knoicn as Lord Somers Tracts], 1748-52, 1C parts 4to, 2d ed. by Sir W. Scott, 1800-15, 13 vols. 4to, also full of matter for English history; and The Pamphleteer, 1813-28, 29 vols. 8vo, containing the best pamphlets of the clay. For the derivation of tt .e word pamphlet consult Skcat s Etymological Diet.; Pejrge s Anonymiana; Notes and Queries, 3d series, iv. 315, 379, 462, 482, v. 167, 290 ; 6th series, ii. 156. The grnenil history of the subject may be traced in M. Davies, Icon libel/arum, 1715 ; W. Oldys, " History of the Origin of Pamphlets," in Morgan s Phoenix Brit, and Nichols s Lit. Anecdotes; Dr Johnson s Introduc tion to the Harleian Miscellany. D lsrueli, Amenities of Literature; Revue dfs Deux Mondes, April 1, 1846; Irish Q. Review, vii. 267; Edinb. Rev., Oct. 1805; Huth sJnctVnt Ballads and Broadsides (Philobiblon Soc.); Maskell, Martin- ifarprelate Controversy ; T. Jones, Cat. of collection of tracts for and against Popery the whole of Peck s lists and his references (Chetham Soc., 1856-65); ISlakey s Hist, of Political Literature; Andrews, Hist, of British Journalism; Larousse, Grand Diet. Unirersel ; Nodier, Sur la liberte de la presse; Leber, De I e tat reel de la presse; Morean, Bibliographic des Mazarinades; Bulletin du Bib liophile Beige, 1859-62; Xisard, Hist, des litres populaires. (II. K. T.) PAMPHYLIA, in ancient geography, was the name See vol. xv given to a region in the south of Asia Minor, between Pl a te II. Lycia and Cilicia, extending from the Mediterranean to Mount Taurus. It was bounded on the N. by Pisidia, a rugged mountain tract, while Pamphylia occupied only the district between this and the sea. It was therefore a country of small extent, having a coast-line of only about 75 miles with a breadth of about 30. There can be little doubt that the Pamphylians and Pisidians were really the same people, though the former had received colonies from Greece and other lands, and from this cause, combined with the greater fertility of their territory, had attained a higher degree of civilization and more refinement than their neighbours of the interior. But the distinction between the two seems to have been established at an early period. Herodotus, who does not mention the Pisidians at all, enumerates the Pamphylians among the nations of Asia Minor, while Ephorus mentions them both, correctly including the one among the nations on the coast, the other among those of the interior. Strabo distinctly describes the position of Pamphylia as given above, and assigns as its limits the pass of Mount Climax on the west, and the fortress of Coracesium, which belonged to Cilicia, on the east. Under the Roman administration the term Pamphylia was extended so as to include Pisidia and the whole tract up to the frontiers of Phrygia and Lycaonia, and in this wider sense it is employed by Ptolemy. Pamphylia is in one respect a country of peculiar character : although it consists almost entirely of a plain, 1 extending from the slopes of Mount Taurus to the sea, j this plain, though presenting an unbroken level to the eye, | does not consist, as in most similar cases, of alluvial deposits, but is formed almost wholly of travertine. " The rivers pouring out of the caverns at the base of the Lycian and Pisidian ranges of the Taurus come forth from their subterranean courses charged with carbonate of lime, and I are continually adding to the Pamphylian plain. They ! build up natural aqueducts of limestone, and after flowing ! for a time on these elevated beds burst their walls and take a new course. Consequently it is very difficult to reconcile the accounts of this district, as transmitted by ancient authors, with its present aspect, and the distribution of the streams which water it. By the sea-side the traver- tine forms cliffs from 20 to 80 feet high" (Forbes s I Lycia, vol. ii. p. 188). Strabo describes a river which i he terms Catarractes as a large stream falling with a great noise over a lofty cliff, but for the reason above given it 1 cannot now be identified with certainty. He places it i between Olbia and Attalia, where there is now no river of
