P A N P A N 213 affairs until his death, which took place on April 8, 1879. He had been created a K.C.B. in 1869. Along with Panizzi s visible and palpable activity as the centre of energy at the British Museum was another systematic activity no less engrossing and important, but unacknowledged by himself and little suspected by the world. His devotion to the Museum was rivalled by his devotion to his country, and his personal influence with English Liberal statesmen enabled him to promote her cause by judicious representations at critical periods. Through out the revolutionary movements of 1848-49, and again during the campaign of 1859 and the subsequent transactions due to the union of Naples to the kingdom of Upper Italy, Panizzi was in constant communication with the Italian patriots, and their con- iidential representative with the English ministers. He laboured, according to circumstances, now to excite now to mitigate the latter s jealousy of France ; now to moderate their apprehensions of revolutionary excesses, now to secure encouragement or con nivance for Garibaldi. The letters addressed to him by patriotic Italians, edited by his literary executor and biographer, Mr L. Fagan, alone compose a thick volume. His own have not as yet been collected ; but the internal evidence of the correspondenee published attests the priceless value of his services, and the boundless confidence reposed in his sagacity, disinterestedness, and discretion. He was charitable to his exiled countrymen in England, and, chiefly at his own expense, equipped a steamer, which was lost at sea, to rescue the Neapolitan prisoners of state on the island of Santo Stefano. His services were recognized by the offer of a senatorship and of the direction of public instruction in Italy ; but England, where he had been legally naturalized, had become his adopted country, though in his latter years he frequently visited the land o^f his birth. Panizzi s merits and detects were those of a potent nature. He vas a man born to rule, and in a free country would probably have devoted himself to public life and become one of the leading statesmen of his age. His administrative faculty was extra ordinary : to the widest grasp he united the minutest attention to matters of detail. His will and perseverance were indomitable, but the vehemence of his temper was mitigated by an ample endowment of tact and circumspection. He was a powerful writer, a persuasive speaker, and an accomplished diplomatist. He was undoubtedly arbitrary and despotic ; in some few points upon which he had hastily taken up wrong views, incurably prejudiced ; in others, such as the claims of science, somewhat perversely narrow-minded. But on the whole he was a very great man, who, by introducing great ideas into the management of the Museum, not only redeemed that institution from being a mere show- place, but raised the standard of library administration all over England. His successors may equal or surpass his achievements, but only on condition of labouring in his spirit, a spirit which did not exist before him. His moral character was the counter part of his intellectual : he was warm hearted and magnani mous, extreme in love and hate, a formidable enemy, but a devoted friend. The list of his intimate friends is a long and brilliant one, including Lord Palmerston, Mr Gladstone, Roscoe, Grenville, Macaulay, Lord Langdale and his family, Rutherfurd (Lord Advo cate), and above all, perhaps, Haywood, the translator of Kant. His most celebrated friendship, however, is that with Prosper Meri- mee, who, having begun by seeking to enlist his influence with the English Government on behalf of Napoleon III., discovered a con geniality of tastes which produced a delightful correspondence. Merimee s part has been published by Mr Fagan ; Panizzi s perished in the conflagration kindled by the Paris commune. The loss is to be regretted rather on acount of the autobiographical than the literary value of Pauizzi s share of the correspondence, although he was an accomplished man of letters of the 18th century pattern. But no man of ability has more completely exemplified the apophthegm of another distinguished person, that success is won less by ability than by character. See L. Fagiin, Life of Sir Anthony Panizzi, 2 vols., London, 1880. (R. G.) PANNA, or PUNXAH, a native state in Bundelkhand, India, situated for the most part on the table-lands above the Vindhyan Ghats, and containing much hill and jungle land, with an area of 2568 square miles, and a population in 1881 of 227,306. The state was formerly celebrated for its diamond mines in the neighbourhood of Panna town, but these appear to have become almost exhausted, and only a small and fluctuating revenue is now derived from them. PANNONIA, in ancient geography, is the country bounded N. and E. by the Danube from a point 9 or 10 miles north of Vindobona (Vienna) to Singidunum (Belgrade) in Moesia, and conterminous westward with Noricum and Italy and southward with Dalmatia and Moesia Superior. It thus corresponds to the south-west of Hungary with portions of Lower Austria, Styria, Carniola, and Croatia and Slavonia. Partially conquered in 35 B.C. (when the town of Siscia was taken), Pannonia (but probably only what was afterwards known as Lower Pannonia) was made a Roman province by Tiberius in 8 A.D. The three legions stationed in the country at the death of Augustus (14 A.D.) rose in rebellion and were quelled by Drusus. Somewhere between 102 and 107 Trajan divided the province into Pannonia Superior and Pannonia Inferior. These, according to Ptolemy, were separated by a line from Arrabona (Raab) in the north to Servitium (Gradisca) in the south, but at a later date the boundary lay farther east, to the diminution of Pannonia Inferior. The erection of two new provinces, Valeria and Savia, in the time of Diocletian gave rise to a fourfold division; and Constantine placed Pannonia Prima, Valeria, and Savia under the praetorian prefect of Italy, and Pannonia Secunda under the praetorian prefect of Illyricum. Pannonia Prima was the north part of the old Pannonia Superior and Savia the south part ; Pannonia Secunda lay round about Sirmium, at the meeting of the valleys of the Save, the Drave, and the Danube ; and Valeria (so called by Galerius after Valeria his wife and Diocletian s daughter) extended along the Danube from Altinum (Mohacs) to Brigetio (6-Szony). TheodosiusII. had to cede Pannonia to the Huns, and they were followed in turn by the Ostrogoths, the Longobards, and the Avars. During the four hundred years of Roman occupation Pannonia reached a considerable pitch of civilization, and a number of the native tribes were largely Latinized. Upper Pannonia contained Vindobona (Vienna), a municipium ; Carnuntuin (Petronell), which became probably about 70 A.D. the winter quarters of the Pannonian legions, was made a municipium by Hadrian or Antoninus Pius, appears in the 3d century as a colonia, and has left important epigraphic remains; Arrabona (Kaab or Gyb r), a considerable military station ; Brigetio (0-Szony), founded probably in the 2d century as the seat of Legio Prima Adjutrix, and afterwards designated municipium and colonia ; Scarabantia or Scarbantia (Oedenburg or Soprony), a municipium of Julian origin according to Pliny, but of yElian according to the inscriptions ; Savaria or Sabaria (Stein am Anger or Szombathely), a purely civil municipium founded by Claudius, and a frequent residence of the later emperors ; Poetovio (Potobium of Ptolemy, Patavio of Itin. Anton. ; modern Pettau), first mentioned by Tacitus (69 A.D.) as the seat of Legio XIII. Gemina, and made a colonia by Trajan ; l Siscia (Sziszek), formerly known as Segesteca or Segeste, a place of great importance down to the close of the empire, made a colonia probably by Vespasian, and restored by Severus (colonia Flavia Septimia) ; Neviodunum (Dernovo), designated municipium Flaviurn ; muni cipium Latobicorum (Treffen) ; Emona or Hemona, Hfj.uva (Laibach) ; and Nauportus (Ober-Laibach). Lower Pannonia contained Sirmium (Mitrovic), first mentioned in 6 A.D., made a colonia by Vespasian or his successor, and a frequent residence of the later emperors ; Bassiana> (near Petrovce), Cusum (Peterwardein), Malata or Bononia (Banostor), Cibalre (Vinkovce), a municipium ; Mursa (Eszek), made a colonia by Hadrian 13 3 A.D. ; Sopianas (Fiinfkirchen or Pecs), seat of the pneses of Valeria, and an important place at the meeting of five roads; Aquincum (Alt-Ofen), made a colonia by Hadrian, and the seat of Legio II. Adjutrix ; and Cirpi (near Bogdany). See Corp. Inscr. Lett., vol. iii. 1. PANORAMA is the name given originally to a pictorial representation of the whole view which is visible from one point by an observer who in turning round looks successively to all points of the horizon. In an ordinary picture only a small part of the objects visible from one point is included, far less being generally given than the eye of the observer can take in whilst stationary. The drawing is in this case made by projecting the objects to be represented from the point occupied by the eye on a plane. If a greater part of a landscape has to be represented, it becomes more convenient for the artist to suppose himself surrounded by a cylindrical surface in whose centre he stands, and to project the 1 In the 4th century it became a town of Noricum, not of Pannoiiia.
