P A P P A P 227 British Paper Trade. The comparative returns of the I the Board of Trade (Great Britain) for the years 1882 and 1883 amounts and vahies of the imports and exports published by ( are as follows : Article. Imports. Exports. Weight. Value. Weight. Value. 1882. 1883. 1882. 1883. 1882. 1883. 1882. 1883. Writing and printing papers Cwts. 190,089 911,458 Cwts. 209,455 952,723
335,621 872,590
344,186 902,514 Cwts. 413,645 171,302 Cwts. 445,859 152,930
1,003,247 301,778
1,026,617 258,017 Miscellaneous papers Total of paper . 1,101,547 1,162,178 1,208,211 1,246,700 584,947 598,789 1,305,025 1,284,630 Esparto Tons. 181,056 20,977 lt)S. 84,981,120 Tons. 206, 558 29,687 its. 80,626,560 1,282,014 301,083 821,692 1,383,021 401,615 756,616 Tons. 49,352 Cwts. 121,607 Tons. 51,019 Cwts. 123,038 526,554 1,169,592 501,035 1,175,642 Ratrs . Woollen rags Printed books American Paper Trade. At the end of 1882 there were in the United States 1051 paper mills (1004 the previous year). Of this number 1018 are in active operation. These mills are owned and worked by 823 firms or establishments, an increase of 23 over the previous year. Twenty-three mills were abandoned during 1882, while 17 were destroyed by fire ; 36 were in course of construction, and 68 new mills went into full work during 1882. This number is composed of a few mills reconstructed after fire, and 39 new establishments erected during 1882. The mills represent almost every variety of paper and pulp, and have an estimated daily capacity of 30 tons. Altogether there were in 1883 44 more mills iu operation than in 1882. At the beginning of 1884 36 new mills were being constructed and may be expected to be at work during the year. Every variety of paper is extensively manufactured in the United States with the exception of hand-made, but of late years attention has been devoted to this also, English plant and labour having been imported for the purpose, and hand-made papers are now regularly produced in small quantities. Bibliograplty. Herring, Paper and Papermaking; Piette, Manuel de la Pape- terie, 1861 ; Droplsch, Die Paptermaichtne, 1878 ; G. Planche, L Industrie de la Papeterie, 1853; L. M tiller, Fabrikation des Papiers, 1855 ; Proteaux, On the Manufacture of Paper and Boards, 1866; Hugo Miiller, Pflanzenfaser, 1877; C. Hofmann, Manufacture of Paper, 1873; T. Routleclge, Bamboo considered as a Papermaking Material, 1875 ; Paperniakers Monthly Journal, London ; Paper Trade Journal, New York ; Papier-Zeitung, Berlin. (R. C. M.) PAPER HANGINGS. See MURAL DECORATION, vol. xvii. p. 38. PAPHLAGONIA, in ancient geography, was the name given to a province of Asia Minor, situated on the Euxine Sea, and adjoining Bithynia on the west and Pontus on the east, while towards the south it was separated from Galatia by a range of mountains which may be considered as a prolongation to the east of the Bithynian Olympus. According to Strabo, whose authority is generally followed upon this point, the river Parthenius formed the western limit of the region so-called, and it was bounded on the east by the much more important river Halys. Although the Paphlagonians play scarcely any part in history, they were one of the most ancient nations of Asia Minor, as their name appears in the Homeric catalogue of the allies of Priam during the Trojan War (II. , ii. 851). They are after wards mentioned by Herodotus among the races reduced to subjection by Croesus, and they sent an important con tingent to the army of Xerxes in 480 B.C. They seem, however, to have enjoyed a state of at least semi-independ ence, as Xenophon speaks of them as being governed by a prince of their own, without any reference to the satraps of the neighbouring parts of Asia. The rugged and difficult nature of their country, which is described by Xenophon as containing fertile and beautiful plains, but traversed by lofty ranges of mountains, which could only be crossed by narrow and difficult passes, doubtless contri buted to this result. At a later period Paphlagonia passed under the yoke of the Macedonian kings, and we find it after the death of Alexander the Great assigned, together with Cappadocia, to Eumenes. It continued, however, to be governed by native princes until it was absorbed by the encroaching power of the neighbouring kingdom of Pontus. The rulers of that dynasty became masters of the greater part of Paphlagonia as early as the reign of Mithradates III. (302-266 B.C.), but it was not till that of Pharnaces I. that the important city of Sinope fell into their hands (183 B.C.). From this time the whole province was incorporated with the kingdom of Pontus until the fall of the great Mithradates (65 B.C.). In the settlement of Asia which followed that event, Pompey united the coast districts of Paphlagonia with the province of Bithynia, but left the interior of the country under one of the native princes, two or three of whom followed in succession until the dynasty became extinct and the whole country was incorporated in the Roman empire. All these petty native rulers appear to have borne the name or surname of Pylaemenes, as a token that they claimed descent from the chieftain of that name who figures in the Iliad as the leader of the Paphlagonians. Under the Roman empire Paphlagonia, with the greater part of Pontus, was united into one province with Bithynia, as we find to have been the case in the time of the younger Pliny ; but the name was still retained by geographers, though its boundaries are not distinctly defined by Ptolemy. It reappears as a separate province in the 5th century (Hierocles, Synecd., c. 33). The ethnic relations of the Paphlagonians are very uncertain. It seems perhaps most probable that they belonged to the same race with the Cappadocians, who held the adjoining province of Pontus, and who were undoubtedly a Semitic race. Their language, however, would appear from the testimony of Strabo to have been distinct from that of their neighbours. Equally obscure is the relation between the Paphlagonians and the Eneti, or Heneti, who are mentioned in connexion with them in the Homeric catalogue, and who were supposed in the mythical fictions of antiquity to be the ancestors of the Veneti, who dwelt at the head of the Adriatic. But no trace is found in historical times of any tribe of that name in Asia Minor. The greater part of Paphlagonia is a rugged and mountainous country, but it contains fertile valleys, and produces great abundance of fruit. The mountains also are clothed with dense forests, which are conspicuous for the quantity of boxwood which they furnish. Hence its coasts were from an early period occupied by Greek colonies, among which the flourishing city of Sinope, a colony from Miletus, founded about 630 B.C., stood pre eminent. Amastris, a few miles east of the Parthenius,
