278 PARIS T.UU.K IV. Distribution of Population according to Occupation (1881). Employers. Agents or Clerks. Workpeople. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females Agriculture. Landowners fanning their lands. . ; Farmers, cultivators, "metayers", Small proprietors working tor ^ others f Foresters. . . . Industry. Engaged in mines, quarries, and metal-workingtstablishments Engaged in other maniifactur- In petty industries. 598 220 142 376 1,238 2,729 40,1-13 Trade. Hankers, agents, wholesale traders Retail traders, shopkeepers.... Keepers of hotels,taverns,coffee- houses, and lodging-houses. 14,128 40,525 21,178 Transport and Shipping. Engaged on railways or as carriers Connected with mercantile ) marine, pilotage, fisheries, &c. ( 1,401 261 96 28 49 210 121 357 20,521 1,539 15,349 7,1-16 Army, Navy, and Police. Army. . . . ". 10,988 Navy 198 Gendarmerie and police 8,105 Liberal Professions. Civil service- I 6,045 553 1,308 1,107 ! 3,432 3,638 | ... 3,913 ! 1,429 4,398 i 4,032 11,374 ! 4,527 Science 3,591 281 Clergy Religions communities Justice, administration of... Medicine Education Art... 1,314 29,700 43,092 47,972 11,118 10,737 US 182 8 995 16.509 166 273 2,114 994 1,573 2,931 208 170 1,686 19,919 7,288 25,306 4,568 639 264 455 489 12,728 46,478 258,506 6,970 23,128 6,467 222 85 78 222 Members of Family living with tlie Preceding. Males. Females. 659 180 240 597 1,151 302 324 707 Domestics attached to the Person. Mules. Fern .iles. 248 69 24 75 451 50 47 127 Total. 4,143 1,232 1,380 2,923 Total. 9,678 1,080 31,743 239,364 5,133 17,984 108,663 9,940 27,835 185,844 267 1,474 8,123 863 3,769 18,813 32,854 139,863 929,596 Total... .. 1,102,313 3,917 17,851 3,006 17,781 29,520 16,033 40,033 61,605 27/975 3,794 5,687 14,844 16,082 6,518 11,255 85,765 146,835 61,314 Total... 293,914 514 ! 10,539 8 115 858 13 7,202 16,301 147 326 281 32 48,830 1,075 Total. 49,905 1,947 72 309 23 412 1,407 538 28 789 1 614 3,149 32 36 n 335 109 1,921 37 7! 391 50 2,782 1,106 138 6,443 203 78 98 407 100 267 14,082 576 19,389 Total. 34,047 1,170 2 120 5 176 101 521 8,746 159 6 2,198 2,112 2,184 4,912 1,224 19,789 636 172 4,682 4,288 4,466 10,192 3,109 1,856 193 117 1,171 1,369 1,060 1,321 624 5,856 651 336 3,057 3,276 2,441 4,406 2,075 66,720 3,219 5,938 16,899 18,304 21,821 42,646 11,184 Living on Realized Means. Proprietor*, "rentiers" ! 39,244 i 41,337 Pensioners, &c | 7,083 | 1383 Total 186,731 6,923 7,891 I 1,026 ! 1,577 448 54 98 18,171 i 4], 458 2,435 4,988 13,674 1,124 36,559 210,860 20,050 Total 230,910 Without Occupation. Children supported outside of their own commune by their parents ; inmates of hospitals, prisons, &< Occupation unknown 61,699 12,967 Grand Total 2.239,918 Barely a third (322 per 1000) of the population are Parisians by birth, 38 "2 per 1000 having been born in the other communes of the department of Seine, 565 in the other departments of France or in French colonies, and 74 8 abroad. The foreign population shows a tendency to increase ; in 1876 380 per 1000 were natives of the department, the proportion of foreigners being only 60. In 1881 the English numbered 10,789; Germans, 31,190; Belgians, 45,281 ; Dutch, 9250; Italians, 21,577; Swiss, 20,810; Americans, 5987; and other nationalities, 19,154. The following were the principal causes of death in 1882: phthisis, 10,342 deaths ; diarrhoea, 5095 ; pneumonia, 4127 ; conges tion of the brain, 2668 ; organic diseases of the heart, 2873 ; men ingitis, 2605 ; chronic bronchitis, 2630 ; cancer, 2251 ; typhoid fever, 3352 ; acute bronchitis, 1730 ; croup and diphtheria, 1805 ; small-pox, 661 ; infantile weakness, 1458 ; senile debility, 1350. Municipal Administration. Each arrondisscment is divided into four quarters, each of which nominates a member of the municipal council. The functionaries of the arrondissement are a mayor (mairc) and three deputies (adjoint.*) nominated by the prefect of Seine, who act as registrars, and preside over the poor-relief (bureau df biexfaisance) of their arrondisscment, and a justice of the peace (jugc depaix) nominated by the Government. There is no elective mayor of Paris : the president of the municipal council, who is nom inated by his colleagues, merely acts as chairman of their meetings. When occasion requires, the function of mayor of Paris is discharged by the prefect of Seine. The municipal council discusses and votes the budget of the city. The importance of the business thus trans acted will be seen below. The prefect of Seine and the prefect of police (both magistrates named by the Government, but each with a quite distinct sphere of action) represent the executive authority as opposed to the municipal council, which latter has no power by refusing a vote of credit to stop any public service the maintenance of which legally devolves on the city: in case of such refusal the minister of the interior may officially insert the credit in the budget. And in like manner lie may appeal to the head of the state to cancel any decision in which the council has exceeded its legal functions. The prefecture of Seine comprises a departmental service, differing in no essential particular from that of other pre fectures, and a municipal service for the city of much more import ance. Elections, rates, municipal debt, city schools, public lands, municipal buildings, markets and market-places (in respect to the collection of dues), cemeteries, roads and streets, public edifices,
