PARIS 285 TABLE VII. Industries of Paris. Class of Industry. No. of Work men. Average Daily Wage. Total Annual Wages. Food 55,952 55,894 36,441 112,205 26,733 32,161 18,219 10,109 i. d. 4 5 4 2 5 3 4 10 4 4i 4 7| 5 41 4 4{ 4 7 5 li 4 4 4 111 4 2J 4 51 4 6
3,494,551 3,501,638 3,409,128 6,393,737 1,197,618 2,133,972 1,232,412 1,101,457 1,707,222 1,173,746 388,837 1,447,405 243,444 1,684.577 2,110,429 Clothing Printing engraving, and paper 33,917 10,788 1,510 24,684 4,337 34,918 32,673 Philosophical instruments, musical instru- Carriages, saddlery, military equipments Miscellaneous 520,337 4 8 30,420,137 The larger manufacturing establishments of Paris comprise engineering and repairing works connected with the railways, simi lar private works, foundries, and sugar refineries. Government works are the tobacco factories of Gros Caillou (2000 workmen) and Reuilly (1000), the national printing establishment (1000), the mint (where money and medals are coined by a contractor under state control), and the famous tapestry factory and dye-works of the Gobelins. The list of minor establishments is a very varied one ; most of them devoted to the production of the so-called articles de Paris, and carrying the principle of the division of labour to an extreme. The establishments which rank next to those above mentioned in the number of workmen are the chemical factories, the gas-works, the printing offices, cabinetmakers workshops, boot factories, tailoring establishments, hat factories, and works for the production of paperhangings. Among the workers are included 189,401 women, girls, and boys, and 123,369 masters this last a figure which shows how great is the number of the small establishments. The total value produced was estimated at 134,763,717 in 1860, and must have since in creased enormously. (Compare Table IV. p. 278.) In 1881 the average day s wages paid in the petite Industrie were estimated at 4s. 5d. for the men and 2s. 5d. for the women. Since 1878 an increase has taken place year by year, at least for the men. Clerks in warehouses earn about 48 per annum, shop women 32, shop girls 16, male domestics 24, and female domestics 20. In 1882 2400 new houses were built and 1883 old houses en larged ; on the other hand, 997 old houses were entirely demolished and 777 partially. The last official industrial valuation of rental is for the year 1876. At that date there were 76,129 houses con taining 1,038,124 separate establishments, 699,175 being used as dwelling-houses at a rental of 13,981,836, and 338,949 for in dustrial purposes at a rental of 10,049,542. Between 1872 and 1881 the navigation of the Seine doubled in Corn- importance. It has been free from all dues since 1880. There are merce. three divisions the navigation of the upper Seine and the Marne (above Paris), that of the lower Seine and the Oise (below Paris), and that of the Canal de 1 Ourcq with its terminus at the La Villette basin, whence the St Denis Canal branches off to the lower Seine and the St Martin Canal to the upper Seine. TABLE VIII. Navigation of the Seine. Arrivals. Departures. Upper Seine and Marne. Lower Seine and Oise. Canal de 1 Ourcq. Upper Seine and Marne. Lower Seine and Oise. Canal de 1 Ourcq. Average for 1872-80 Tons. 803,749 Tons. 417,780 Tons. 6,629 Tons. 106,160 Tons. 249,938 Tons. 12,246 Tons. 1 596 502 , 1882 1,220,015 521,332 11 286 193 445 329 966 10 594 2 286 638 The goods arriving by the upper Seine are chiefly building sand, paving-stones, firewood, timber, grain, coal and coke, pyrites, charcoal, and wines ; those by the lower Seine, coal and coke, sand, paving-stones, wines, building materials, grain, and timber; and those by the Canal de 1 Ourcq, building materials. By the upper Seine Paris despatches mainly refuse and manure ; by the lower Seine, manure, pyrites, grain, and refined sugars ; by the Canal de 1 Ourcq, agricultural produce and manure. To the traffic of the river ports situated within the city must be added that of the ports along the canals, and especially that of La Villette, the third port of all France, judged by its commercial activity. The follow ing table (IX.) shows the tonnage of the merchandise that passed through each of the canals in 1882 (the same merchandise may sometimes figure on two canals, or may have also been entered for the ports within the city): The following table (X.) shows the number of passengers and quantity of goods that left Paris in 1880: Nord. Est. Quest. Orleans. Paris-Lyons- Mediterranean. Passengers Goods (tons) 2,996,000 5,594,300 1,367,093 i 653,596 10.521.500 1,359,704 1,900,100 601,970 1,621,800 1,238,029 Some goods are registered and pay dues at the Paris custom house ; but many pay these dues at the frontier. The following returns (Table XL) must therefore be considered only as showing the importance of the Paris custom-house, and not the extent of the trade of the citv : Ourcq Canal. St Denis Canal. St Martin s Canal. Total for the Three Canals. Up. Down. Up. Down. Up. Down. Tons. 112,720 Tons. 894,198 Tons. 1,017,726 Tons. 361,002 Tons. 618,800 Tons. 424,603 Tons. 3,427,050 General Trade. Special Trade. Quantity in Vahie _ Tons. Quantity in Tons. Value. Imports . Exports . (A) 484,228 ! 26,228,459 85,442 | 18,503,776 (B) 490,135 72,955 26,602,716 17,331,080 The Ourcq Canal brings down wood, building stones, bricks, flour, and especially plaster, and takes in return coal, manure, and night- soil for the Bondy manure-works. The St Denis Canal brings up coal from Nord, Pas de Calais, Belgium, and England ; freestone from the valley of the Oise, sands from the lower Seine, wood for industrial purposes, grain, sewage for the works at Aubervilliers, colonial wares for La Villette, &c., and the most important articles taken down are sewage for Aubervilliers, and the various wares embarked at La Villette for Rouen or La Havre. Along the St Martin Canal, on the upward passage, sand, gravel, paving-stones or blocks, firewood, lime or cement, freestone, bricks, tiles, slates are discharged, and sewage especially is taken in for Aubervilliers. On the downward passage are discharged plasters from the Ourcq Canal, coal, and stones and sand from the Oise and the Ourcq. There is besides a large transit traffic. Five of the great railway companies have a terminus at Paris. The "Nord" and the "Paris, Lyons, and Mediterranean" lines have each only one station ; the " Quest " has two, St Lazare and Montparnasse ; the " Est " two, one of which, Bastille, is only a passenger station for the use of the Vincennes line and its pro longation ; the " Orleans " two, of which one, Barriere d Enfer, is restricted to the short line from Paris to Sceaux and Limours. The " special " trade is for home consumption. The duty paid on the imports was 3,774,407. Till 31st December 1897 the Bank of France has the exclusive Banks, privilege of issuing bank-notes. Notes are at present issued for 1000, 500, 100, and 50 francs (40, 20, 4, and 2); at different times there have been notes for 5000, 2000, 25, 20, and 5. The Bank of France, which has already been described in BANKING (see vol. iii. p. 337-39), has 90 branch offices in the provinces. In 1877 the bank received bills and stock to the value of 56,022,532 ; its advances on securities amounted to 15,038,072 ; and the change of bank-notes into gold caused a movement of 33,288,000. The other chief financial establishments in Paris are the Caisse des Depots et des Consignations, which receives voluntary deposits or those which are obligatory in certain cases fixed by law; the Credit Foncicr de France, which gives advances to landowners on real property; the Comptoir National d Escompte, which carries on the same branches of business as the bank, with the exception of the issue of notes. Among the great private joint-stock banks must be mentioned the Societe Generale, the Credit Industriel et Commercial, the Credit Lyonnais, the Banque de Paris et des Pays Bas, the Societe de Depots et Comptes Courants, the Banque d Escompte, &c. The Bourse or Exchange is open from noon to 3 o clock for the negotia-
