PERIODICALS 537 the literature of the 18th century, and in some respects its most marked feature. Although the frequenters of the clubs and coffee-houses were the persons for whom the essay-papers were mainly written, a proof of the increas ing refinement of the age is to be found in the fact that now for the first time were women specially addressed as Ta r, part of the reading public. The Taller was commenced .tc. by Richard Steele in 1709, and issued thrice a week until 1711. The idea was at once extremely popular, and a dozen similar papers were started within the year, at least one half bearing colourable imitations of the title. Addi- son contributed to the Tatler, and together with Steele established and carried on the Spectator (1710-14), and subsequently the Guardian (1713). The newspaper tax enforced in 1712 was a sore blow. Before this time the daily issue of the Spectator had reached 3000 copies ; it then fell to 1 600 ; the price was raised from a penny to twopence, but the paper came to an end in 1714. Dr Drake (Essays ilhistr. of the Rambler, <fec., ii. 490) drew up an imperfect list of the essayists, and reckoned that from the Tatler to Johnson s Rambler, during a period of forty-one years, 106 papers of this description were pub lished. Dr Drake continued the list down to 1809, and described altogether 221 which had appeared within a hundred years. The following is a list of the most con siderable, with their dates, founders, and chief contri butors. Tatter (12th April 1709 to 2d January 1710/11), Steele, Addison, Swift, Hughes, &c. ; Spectator (1st March 1710/11 to 20th December 1714), Addison, Steele, Budgcll, Hughes, Grove, Pope, Parnell, Swift, &c. ; Guardian (12th March 1713 to 1st October 1713), Steele, Addison, Berkeley, Pope, Tickell, Budgell, &c. ; Rambler (20th March 1750 to 14th March 1752), Johnson ; Adventurer (7th No vember 1752 to 9th March 1754), Hawkesworth, Johnson, Bathurst, Varton, Chapone ; World (4th January 1753 to 30th December 1756), E. Moore, earl of Chesterfield, R. 0. Cambridge, earl of Orford, Soame Jenyns, &c. ; Connoisseur (31st January 1754 to 30th Sep tember 1756), Colman, Thornton, Warton, earl of Cork, &c. : Idler (15th April 1758 to 5th April 1760), Johnson, Sir J. Reynolds, and Bennet Laiigton ; Bee (6th October 1759 to 24th November 1759), 0. Goldsmith ; Mirror (23d January 1779 to 27th May 1780), Mackenzie, Craig, Abercromby, Home, Bannatyne, &c. ; Lounger, (5th February 1785 to 6th January 1787), Mackenzie, Craig, Aber cromby, Tytler ; Observer (1785 to 1790), Cumberland; Looker-on (10th March 1792 to 1st February 1794), W. Roberts, Beresford, Chalmers. As from the " pamphlet of news " arose the weekly paper wholly devoted to the circulation of news, so from the general newspaper was specialized the weekly or monthly review of literature, antiquities, and science, which, when it included essay-papers, made up the maga zine or miscellaneous repository of matter for information and anmsement. Several monthly publications had come idem into existence since 1681, but perhaps the first germ of l a " the magazine is to be found in the Gentleman s Journal (1G91-94) of Peter Motteux, which, besides the news of the month, contained miscellaneous prose and poetry. In 1722 Dr Samuel Jebb included antiquarian notices as well as literary reviews in his Bibliotheca Literaria (1722-24), but the Gentleman s Magazine, founded in 1731, fully established, through the tact and energy of the publisher Edward Cave, the type of the magazine, from that time so marked a feature of English periodical literature. This magazine, so long a source of fortune to its successive owners, was vainly offered during four years to different publishers before Cave was able to start it himself. The first idea is due to Motteux, from whom the title, motto, and general plan were borrowed. The chief feature in the new venture at first consisted of the analysis of the journals, which Cave undertook personally. Prizes were offered for poetry. In April 1732 the leading metropolitan publishers, jealous of the interloper Cave, started the London Maga zine, or Gentleman s Monthly Intelligencer (1732-84), which had a long and prosperous career. The new magazine closely copied Cave s title, plan, and aspect, and bitter war was long waged between the two. The rivalry was not without benefit to the literary public, as the conductors of each used every effort to improve their own review. Cave introduced the practice of giving engravings, maps, and portraits, but his greatest success was the addition of Johnson to the regular staff. This took place in 1738, when the latter wrote the preface to the volume for that year, observing that the magazine had " given rise to almost twenty imitations of it, which are either all dead or very little regarded." The plan was also imitated in Denmark, Sweden, and Germany. Cave edited his magazine down to his death in 1754, when it was continued by his brother- in-law David Henry, afterwards by John Nichols and his son. The specially antiquarian and historical features were dropped in 1868, and it was changed to a miscellany of light literature. Many other magazines were produced in consequence of the success of these two. It will be sufficient to mention the foil- -ing. The Scots Magazine (1739-1817) was the first published in Scotland; from 1817 to 1826 it was styled the Edinburgh Magazine. The Universal Magazine (1747) had a short, if brilliant, career; but the European Magazine, founded by James Perry in 1782, lasted down to 1826. Of more importance than these, or than the Royal Magazine (1759-71), was the Monthly Magazine (1796- 1843), with which Priestley and Godwin were originally connected. During thirty years the Monthly was con ducted by Sir Richard Phillips, under whom it became more statistical and scientific than literary. Class maga zines were represented by the Edinburgh Farmer s Maga zine (1800-25) and the Philosophical Magazine (1798), established in London by Alexander Tilloch ; the latter at first consisted chiefly of translations of scientific articles from the French. The following periodicals, all of which date from the 18th century, are still published : the Gentleman s Magazine (1731), the Gospel Magazine (1768), Wesleyan Methodist Magazine (1778), Curtis s Botanical Magazine (1786), Evangelical Magazine (1793), Methodist Neiv Connexion Magazine (1797), Philosophical Magazine (1798). The increased influence of this class of periodical upon the public opinion of our own era was first apparent in Blackivood s Edinburgh Magazine, founded in 1817 by the publisher of that name, and carried to a high degree of excellence by the contributions of Scott, Lockhart, Hogg, Maginn, Syme, and John Wilson, the editor. It is still issued, and has always remained Liberal in literature and Conservative in politics. The New Monthly Magazine is somewhat earlier in date. It was founded in 1814 by the London publisher Colburn, and was edited in turns by Campbell, Theodore Hook, Bulwer Lytton, and Ainsworth. Many of Carlyle s and Thackeray s pieces first appeared in Eraser s Magazine (1830), long famous for its personalities and its gallery of literary portraits. The Metropolitan Magazine was started in opposition to Eraser, and was first edited by Campbell, who had left its rival. It subsequently came into the hands of Captain Marryatt, who printed in it many of his sea-tales. The British Magazine (1832-49) included religious and ecclesiastical information. From Ireland came the Dublin University Magazine (1833). The regular price of these magazines was half a crown ; the first of the cheaper ones was Tait s Edinburgh Magazine (1832-61) at a shilling. It was Radical in politics, and had Roebuck as one of its founders. Bentley s Miscellany (1837-68) was exclusively devoted to novels, light liter ature, and travels. Several of Ainsworth s romances, illustrated by Cruikshank, first saw the light in Bentley. The Nautical Magazine (1832) was addressed specially to XVIII. 68
