PERIODICALS 543 I860 it was joined to the Ncdcrlandsch Sf>cctator (1855). Of those founded in the present century may be mentioned the Reccnscnt (1803) and Nieuwe Recensent ; the Ncdcrlandsch Museum (1835) ; the Gids (1837) ; the Tijdstroom (1857) ; the Tijdspicgcl, a literary journal of Protestant tendency; The Theologisch Tijdschrift (1867), the organ of the Leyden school of theology ; and the Dictsche Warandc, a Roman Catholic review devoted to the national anti quities. Colonial interests have been cared for by the Tijdschrift voor Ncdcrlandsch Indie (1848). The Nedcrlandish Magazin and Minerva are still published. See Alphabetische Naamlijst van Soeken (1790-1875), Amsterdam, 1835-78. Scandinavia. Early in the 18th century Denmark had the Nye Tidender(1720), continued down to 1836 under the name oiDansk- litcraturtidendc. The Minerva (1785) of Rahbek was carried on to 1819, and the Skandinavisk Museum (1798-1803) was revived by the Litter atur - Selskabs Skrifler (1805). These were followed by the Licrdc Eftcrrctningcr (1799-1810), afterwards styled Litteratur- Tidende (1811-36), the Athene (1813-17), and Historisk Tidsskrift (1840). In more modern times appeared Tidsskrift for Litteratur og Kritik (1832-42, 1843); Mannedsskrift for Litteratur (1829-38) ; Nord og Syd (1 848-49) of Goldschmidt, succeeded by Udc og Hjemme, still published ; and the Dansk Maanedsskrift (1858) of Steenstrup, with signed historical and literary articles. One of the most note worthy Scandinavian periodicals has been the Nordisk Universitets Tidsskrift (1854-64), a bond of union between the universities of Christiania, Upsala, Lund, and Copenhagen. See Revue des Deux Mondes, 1st August 1861. Iceland has had the Islcnzk Sagnablod (1817-26), Skirnir (1827), still published, Ny Fjclagsrit (1841-73), and Gcfn (1870-73). See T. Mobius, Cat. libb. Island, et Norvegicorum, Leipsic, 1856-80. The first trace of the serial form of publication to be found in Norway is in the Ugcntligc kortc Afhandlinger (1760-61), "Weekly Short Treatises," of Bishop Fr. Nannestad, consisting of moral and theological essays. The Maanedligc Afhandlinger (1762), " Monthly Treatises," was supported by several writers and devoted chiefly to rural economy. These two were followed by Politik og Historic (1807-10) ; Saga (1816-20), a quarterly review edited by J. S. Munch ; Den Norske Tilskucr (1817-21), a miscellany brought out at Bergen ; Hermodcr (1821-27), a weekly aesthetic journal ; Iduna, (1822-23), of the same kind but of less value ; Vidar (1832-34), a weekly scientific and literary review ; Nor (1840-46), of the same type ; Norsk Tidsskrift for Videnskab og Litteratur (1847-55) ; Illustreret Nyhcdsblad (1851-66), "Illustrated News"; Norsk Maanedsskrift (1856-60), " Monthly Review for Norway," devoted to history and philology ; and Norden (1866), a literary and scientific review. Popular serials date from the Shilling Magazin (1835), which first introduced wood-engraving, and is still published. The Norsk Familjcblad is a current weekly of the same class. See P. Botten-Hansen, La Norvege Litteraire, Christiania, 1868 ; Norsk Bog- Forteijnelse (1814-72). The Sioenska Argus (1733-34) of Olof Dalin is the first contribution of Sweden to this subject. The next were the Tidningar om den Ldrdas Arbcten (1742) and the Larda Tidningar. The patriotic journalist C. C. Gjorwell established about twenty literary period icals, of which the most important was the Swenska Mercurius (1755-89). Atterbom and some fellow-students founded about 1810 a society for the deliverance of the country from French pedantry, which with this end carried on a periodical entitled Phosphoros (1810-13), to propagate the opinions of Schlegel and Schelling. The Svensk Liter atur -Tidning (1813-25) of Palmblad and the Polyfem (1810-12) had the same objects. Among more recent periodicals we may mention Skandia (1833-37) ; LitcraturUadct (1838-40) ; Stall- ningar och Forhallandcn (1838) of Crusenstolpe, a monthly review of Scandinavian history ; Tidskrift for Litteratur (1850) ; Norsk Tidsskrift (1852), weekly, still published ; Fo rr och N^u ; and the "Revue Su6doise (1858) of Kramer, written in French. The Ny illus- trered Tidning and Hcmvdnnen are current illustrated weeklies ; the Svcnska Veckoblad is also weekly. See Revue des Deux Mondes, 1st August 1861. Spain and Portugal. Spain owes her intellectual emancipation to the monk Benito Feyjoo, who in 1726 produced a volume of dissertations somewhat after the fashion of the Spectator, but on graver subjects, entitled Teatro Critico, which was continued down to 1739. His Cartas Eruditas (1742-60) were also issued periodically. The earliest critical serial, the Diario de los Literatos (1737-42), kept up at the expense of Philip V., did not long sur vive court favour. Other periodicals which appeared in the 18th century were Manor s Mcrcurio (1738) ; the Diario Noticioso (1758- 81) ; El Pensador (1762-67) of Joseph Clavijo y Fajardo ; El Belianis Literario (1765), satirical in character ; the Semanario Erudito (1778-91), a clumsy collection of documents ; El Corrco Literario de la Europa (1781-82) ; El Censor (1781) ; the valuable Memorial Literario (1784-1808); El Correo Literario (1786-91), devoted to literature and science ; and the special organs El Corrco Mcrcantil (1792-98) and El Semanario de Agricultura (1797-1805). In the present century we have Variedades dc Ciencias, Literatura, y Artes (1803-5), among whose contributors have been the distin guished names of Quintana, Moratin, and Antillon ; Misceldnea de Comercio (1819) ; and Diario general de las Ciencias Medicos. The Spanish refugees in London published Ocios dc Espauoles Refugiados (1823-26) and Misceldnea hispano-americana (1824-28), and at Paris Misceldnea escojida americana (1826). The Crdnica cientifica y literaria (1817-20) was afterwards transformed into a daily news paper. Subsequently to the extinction of El Censor (1820-23) there was nothing of any value until the Cartas Espanolas (1832), since known as the Rcvista Espanolu (1832-36) and as the Revista de Madrid (1838). Upon the death of Ferdinand VII. periodicals had a new opening ; in 1836 there were published sixteen journals devoted to science and art. The fashion of illustrated serials was introduced in the Semanario pintoresco Espanol (1836-57), notice able for its biographies and descriptions of Spanish monuments. El Panorama (1839-41) was another literary periodical with engravings. Of more recent date have been the Revista Iberica (1861-63), conducted by Sanz del Rio; La America (1857-70), specially devoted to American subjects and edited by the brothers Asquerino ; and the Rcvista dc Cataluna, published at Barcelona. The chief of those published at the present time are the Rcvista dc Espana, the Rcvista Contempordnca, the Rcvista Huropea, and the Rcvista de Archives. was 377 24 legal, 24 agricultural, 35 commercial, 15 army and navy, 14 theatrical, 45 illustrated, 36 literature and science, 52 medical, 11 fashions, 51 education, 44 religion, 26 miscellaneous. See G. Ticknor, History of Spanish Literature, New York, 1872 ; G. Hubbard, Histoire de la litterature contemporaine en Espagne, Paris, 1876 ; E. Hartzen- busch, Periodicos de Madrid, 1876; Lapeyre, Catalogo-tarifa de los period icos, revistas, y ilustraciones en Espana, 1882. Portugal could long boast of only one review, the Jornal End- Portugal. clopcdico (1779-1806), which had many interruptions ; then came the Jornal dc Coimbra (1812-20) ; the Panorama (1836-57), founded by Herculano ; the Revista Universal Lisbonense (1841-53), estab lished by Castilho ; the Instituto (1853) of Coimbra ; the Archivo Pittoresco (1857) of Lisbon ; and the Jornal da Socicdade dosAmigos das Lctteras. In 1868 a review called Voz Femenina, and con ducted by women, was established at Lisbon. I. F. Da Silva, Diccionario Bibl. Portvgvez, 1858. Greece. The periodical literature of modern Greece commences Greece, with A6yios Ep^j, brought out at Vienna in 1811 by Anthimos Gazi and continued to 1821. A philological serial with the same title is still published. In jEgina the Aryivata appeared in 1831, edited by Mustoxidis ; and at Corfu, in Greek, Italian, and English, the Av0ooyia (1834). After the return of King Otho in 1833 a literary review called I/sis was commenced. Lc Spcctateurde T Orient, in French, pleaded the national cause before Europe for three years from 1853. A military journal was published at Athens in 1855, and two years later the archseological periodical conducted by Pittakis and Rangavi. For many years Ilavdupa (1850-72), edited by Rangavi and Paparrigopoulos, was the leading serial. Among existing periodicals <f>wns deals with natural science, the TfuiroviKa. with agriculture, and the Iepofj.vrifj.wv with theology. See A. R. Rangabe, Hist, litteraire de la Grece Moderne, Paris, 1879 ; R. Nicolai, Geschichte der neugricchischen Literatur, 1876. Russia. The historian Miiller made the first attempt to establish Russia, periodical literature in Russia in his YcjciriyesyatchniyaSotchincniya (1755-64), or " Monthly Works." In 1759 Sumarakoff founded the Trudolyubivaya Ptcheld, or "Industrious Bee," giving translations from the Spectator, and, for the first time, critical essays. Karamsin brought out in 1802 the Vyestnik Evropi, an important review with Liberal tendencies, which is still appearing. The Conservative Russkoi Vyestnik (1808) was revived at Moscow in 1856 by Kattkoff, and is also published now. The romantic school was supported by Sin Otetchestva (1812), "Son of the Fatherland," united in 1825 to the Scvernoi Arkhiv (1822), which dwindled and came to an end soon after 1839. One of the most successful Russian reviews has been the Biblioteka dl ya Tchtenia (1834), or " Library of Read ing." The Slavophile party is represented by the Russkaya Missl, "Russian Thought," published in Moscow. Finland has had Suomi (1841), written in Swedish. Finland. See C. Courriere, Histoire de la litterature contemporaine en Russie, Paris, 1875, and the bibliographical works of Mejoff. Slavonic Countries. Bohemia has had the Casopis Ceskeho Bohemia. Museum (1827), founded by Palacky ; Ziva (1853), a review of natural history ; and the Samatky Archeologiske. Hungary can show the Ungrischcs Magazin (1781-87, 1791), Hungary, piiblished at Pressburg, and the Magyar Muzeum (1788). The Tudomdnyos gyujcte meny (1817-41) and the Figyctmezo (1837-43) deserve mention. Uj Magyar Muzeum was a scientific magazine, and the Budapesti Szcmle (1857) of a more general character. Before the revolution of 1830 Poland had the Pamietnik War- Poland. szaivski of Lach Szyrma. Among other reviews may be mentioned the Dziennik Litcracki of Lemberg, the Biblioteka Warszaicska of Warsaw, and the Przegland Polski of Cracow. Ronmania commenced with the Magasinal istorica pentru Dacia Rou- (1845), containing valuable historical documents, and Moldavia mania, with Dacia Literaria (1840) and Archiva Romancsca (1841).
