552 P E R P E R 7 44 S. lat., now decayed, but formerly the capital of an independ ent captaincy), where also there is an opening in the reef. In 1532 Duarte Coefho founded the city of Oliiula, which continued to be the capital of the captaincy of Pernambuco till 1710. When in 1580 the country passed into the hands of Spain it had 700 stone houses, 4000 to 5000 negro slaves were employed in its sugar-planta tions, and from 40 to 50 vessels came annually to load with sugar and Brazil wood, often called simply Pernambuco or Fernambuk. Recife, which was a mere collection of fishers huts when occupied by the French under Yillegagnon in 1561, shortly afterwards began to attract attention as a port. It was captured and held for thirty- four days in 1595 by Sir JAMES LANCASTER (q.v.), who did not, however, succeed in his attack on Olinda. In the 17th century this part of Brazil was the scene of a great struggle between the Spaniards and the Dutch. Olinda and Recife were captured by the Dutch under Admiral Loncq in 1630, and in the following year, when they were obliged to retreat to the reef, they left Olinda in flames. Fort Brim was built in 1631. In 1639 (Recife already con taining 2000 houses) Count Maurice laid out a new town (Maurits- stad) on the island of Antonio Vaz, and built himself a palace (Vrijburg or Sans Souci) of materials obtained by the demolition of Olinda. A bridge was thrown across from Recife to Mauritsstad, and another from Mauritsstad to the mainland, where the count had his summer palace of Schoonzigt or Boa Vista. An observa tory was erected under Marcgraf and De Laet. In 1654 the Dutch garrison, neglected by the authorities at home, who were at war with Cromwell, was obliged to capitulate to the Portuguese (26th January). See J. B. Fernandes Gama, Mem. hist, da Prov. de Pernambuco (Pernambuco, 1844) ; Barliuus, Rerum in Brasilia gcstarum hlstoria (1060) ; and Xetscher, " Les Hollandais an Bresil," in Le Monitevr des Indes Orient, et Occid. (1848-49). PERNAU, in Russian PERNOFF, a seaport town and watering-place of European Russia, in the government of Livonia, is situated in 58 23 N. lat. and 24 30 E. long., 155 miles north of Riga, on the left bank of the Pernau or Pernova, which about half a mile farther down enters the Bay of Pernau, the northern arm of the Gulf of Riga. The town proper is well and regularly built, and contains two public gardens and two public parks (Salon Park and Bade Park), a town-house, a hospital, and a public library. On the right side of the river lies the suburb of Bremer- seite. The harbour is small, and the depth of water on the bar under 10 feet. The exports, which consist mainly of flax (to Great Britain, France, and Portugal), linseed (to Germany), mats, and cereals, had a value of 8,220,421 silver roubles in 1880, and of 5,427,465 in 1881 (a bad year). The population was 6690 in 1863, 9525 in 1867, and 12,918 in 1881. Founded on the right side of the river in 1255 by one of the bishops of Oescl, Pernau, with its walls and castle, soon became a flourishing place. In the 16th century it was occupied in succession by the Swedes, the Poles, and the knights of the Teutonic order. After 1599 the Poles transferred the town to the left side of the river ; and in 1642 the Swedes, who had been in possession since 1617, strengthened it with regular fortifications. In 1710 it was be sieged and taken by the Russians, and the fortress is now demolished. PERNE, ANDREW (1519-1589), a notable character in 16th-century history, was born at East Bilney in Nor folk in 1519. He received his education at St John s College, Cambridge, was afterwards a fellow of Queens College, and finally master of Peterhouse in the same university. He is best known as a remarkable example of the tergiversation in reference to religious profession which, owing to the sudden changes in the prescribed theological belief of the state, was only too common in his age. In the reign of Henry VIII. he defended the adora tion of saint s, but subsequently abandoned this doctrine in the reign of Edward VI., and became distinguished as an active promulgator of Reformation tenets. In the reign of Mary he subscribed the Roman Catholic articles, and when the remains of Martin Bucer and Paulus Fagius, two Protestant professors in the university were ex humed and burnt, he preached on the occasion. He was rewarded for his subservience by being promoted to the deanery of Ely. Notwithstanding this discreditable com pliance, he succeeded in gaining Elizabeth s favour on her accession ; he signed the grace for restoring the names of Bucer and Facias in the lists of honours and dignities from which they had been expunged ; and he was elected by the university to the office of vice-chancellor. He thus, like Symond Symonds, the vicar of Bray, was twice a Papist and twice a Protestant. During the remainder of his career he was known as a moderate supporter of Church of England doctrine against the Puritan party. "What bishop or politician in England," asks Gabriel Harvey, "was so great a temporizer as he V The wags of the university invented a verb, perno, which, they de clared, meant, "I rat," "I change often." Yet the satirist, notwithstanding, admits his many excellent qualities and eulogizes him for his urbanity and singular tact in his intercourse with men of every class and shade of opinion. To this latter characteristic we must attribute the fact that, while, throughout his life, Perne preserved the friendship of austere churchmen like Whitgift, he was popular with critics of a very different stamp, such as the dissolute Thomas Nash, who declares that " few men lived better." It is not a little to Perne s credit that the social influence which he thus acquired was uniformly exerted to bring about the ends which he had in view as a philan thropist and a true lover of learning. He was a dis tinguished benefactor of the university in which his life was mainly passed, and its library was restored chiefly through his efforts. His own library at Peterhouse was said to be the best at that time in England. Dr Perne died in 1589 while on a visit to Archbishop Whitgift, on whose gratitude he had established a lasting claim by the protec tion he accorded him during the persecution under Mary. He belongs to the class of men whose influence during their lives is felt rather than seen ; and the services he rendered to his generation become increasingly apparent in proportion as this period of English history is more closely studied. PERONNE, chief town of an arrondissement of the department of the Somme, France, and a fortified place on the right bank of that river at its confluence with the stream called the Doingt or Cologne, lies 94 miles north- north-east of Paris on the railway from Paris to Cambrai. Wet moats surround the ramparts, which are built of brick. The church of >St Jean (1509-1525) was greatly damaged during the bombardment of 1870-71, but has since been restored. The castle of Peronne, in one of the bastions of the enceinte, was partially destroyed by fire in 1877 ; it still retains four large conical-roofed towers dating from the Middle Ages, one of which is said to have been the prison of Louis XL, when he had his famous encounter with Charles the Bold (1468). The town-hall, which was built in the 16th century, has an elegant campanile of modern construction. The population of Peronne in 1881 was 4696. The Frankish kings had a villa at Peronne, which Clovis II. gave to Erchinoaldus, mayor of the palace. The latter founded a monastery here, and raised in honour of St Furcy a collegiate church, which was a wealthy establishment until the Revolution ; it is the burial-place of Charles the Simple, who died of starvation in a dungeon in Peronne, into which he had been thrown by the count of Vermandois (929). After the death of Philip of Alsace Peronne, which he had inherited through his wife, escheated to the French crown (1199), and in 1209 received a charter w.ith municipal privileges from Philip Augustus. By the treaty of Arras (1435) it was given to the Burgundians ; bought back by Louis XI., it passed again into the hands of Charles the Bold in 1465. On the death of Charles, however, in 1477, Louis XL resumed possession. In 1536 the emperor Charles V. besieged Peronne, but without success ; in its defence a woman called Marie Fourre greatly distinguished herself, and the anniversary of the raising of the siege was celebrated at Peronne for many years. It was the first town after Paris at which the League was proclaimed in 1577. Pennine s greatest misfortunes occurred during the late Franco-German war. It was invested on 27th December 1870, and bombarded from the 28th to the 9th of the following January, upon which date, on account of the suffer ings of the civil population, among whom smallpox had broken out, it was compelled to capitulate. Out of 700 houses 600 were
