P E S P E S 691 maim to English readers was given in an article by E. Wallace in the Westminster Review (1876). In 1877 there was published a full discussion of the subject by J. Sully, Pessimism : a History ami a Criticism. There are chapters on the question in many recent works ; among the latest Tulloch, Modern Theories in Philosophy and Religion (1884). In France we have Ribot, Schopenhauer (1874) ; Caro, Le Pcssimisme au XlX e Siecle (1878), who gives an account of Leopardi, Schopenhauer, Hartmann. In Italian may be mentioned Barzelotti, II pcssimismo dello Schopenfutuer (1878). The books published in Germany are countless, e.g., Diihring, Dcr Wcrih des Lebcns (1865) ; Bahnsen, Zur Philosophic der Gcschiehte (1872) and Pcssimistcn -Brevier (1879); Hartmann, Philosophisclie Abhandlungcn (1872) ; Meyer, WeUelcnd u. Weltschmerz (1872); Taubert, Dcr Pcssimismus und seine Gegncr (1873) ; Volkelt, Das Unbcivusstc u. der Pcssimismus (1873) ; E. Pfleiderer, Dcr Modcrne Pcssimismus (1875) ; Gass, Optimismus u. Pcssimismus (1876) ; Huber, Dcr Pcssimismus (1876); Kehmke, Die Philosophic dcs Welt- schmcrzcs (1876); Sommer, Der Pcssimismus und die Sittenlehre (188-3) ; Pliimacher, Der Pessimismus in Vergangenheit u. Gegenwart, ffcsch. u. kritiscli. (1884). There is a list of books on the subject up to 1880 in Laban s Schopenhauer Littcratur. For LEOPAKDI, see vol. xiv. p. 464 sq. Schopenhauer s Weltals Willcund l r orstellung is in course of translation by Haldane and Kemp (vol. i. , 1883) ; and Ha.Ttma.nn a Philosophic des Unbcwussten has been translated by W. Coupland, 3 vols. (1883). (W. W.) PESSFNUS, or PESINUS (Heo-cm/ovs, HCVLVOVS), an ancient city of Galatia in Asia Minor, situated on the southern slope of Mount Dindymus. -It stood on the left bank of the river Sangarius, about 150 stadia (17 miles) from its source, and 16 miles south of Germa on the road from Ancyra to Amorium. It was the capital of the TolLstobogii and the chief commercial city of the district. It was famous for its worship of the mother of the gods (Cybele), who here went by the name of Agdistis. Her priests Avere anciently princes as well, but in the time of Strabo (1st century B.C.) their privileges were much diminished. The kings of Pergamum built a new temple adorned with porticos of white marble. The image of the goddess, a stone (or piece of wood) said to have fallen from heaven, was taken to Rome in 204 B.C., in compliance with an oracle in the Sibylline books to the effect that the foreign foe could be driven from Italy if the Idaean Mother (Cybele) were brought from Pessinus to Piome. But the goddess continued to be worshipped in her old home as well as at Home ; her priests, the Galli, went out to meet Manlius on his march in 189 B.C., and at a later age the temple was visited by Julian the Apostate. In the division of the empire under Constantino, Pessinus was made the capital of the province Galatia Salutaris. It was also the seat of a metropolitan bishopric. After the Gth century the town disappears from history. The ruins discovered by Texier occupy three hills near the village of Bala-Hissar, 9 or 10 miles south-east of Sevri- Hissar. They include a theatre in partial preservation and numerous fragments of marble columns, friezes, (fee. The modern town of Sevri-Hissar is built at the height of about 3000 feet on the southern base of a steep granite rock, half-way up which are the ruins of a castle. PESTALOZZI, JOHANN HEIXRICH (1746-1827). See EDUCATION, vol. vii. p. 677. PESTH, the chief town of Hungary and the second of the xlustrian-Hungarian monarchy, is situated on the left bank of the Danube, 140 miles to the south-east of Vienna, in 47 J 29 10" N. lat. and 19 2 56" E. long. Since 1873 it has formed one municipality with BUDA (q.v.) on the opposite bank, and the joint city, officially styled Buda pest (Ger. Pest -Of en), is the capital of Hungary, the second residence of the Austrian emperor, the seat of the Hungarian ministry, diet, and supreme courts, and the headquarters of the commander of the Honveds or Hun garian landwehr. The imposing size of the Danube, here somewhat wider than the Thames at London, and the sharp contrast of the two banks, place Budapest among the most finely-situated of the larger towns of Europe. On the one side is a flat sandy plain in which lies Pesth, modern of aspect, regularly laid out, and presenting a long frontage of handsome white buildings to the river. On the other the ancient town of Buda straggles capriciously over a series of small and steep hills, commanded by the fortress and the Blocksberg, and backed by spurs of the vine-clad mountains beyond. The Danube is crossed by three bridges ; the fine suspension bridge constructed by the brothers Clark in 1842-49, at a cost of 440,000 ; the iron Margarethenbriicke, a little farther up, dating from 1872-76; and a long railway bridge at the lower end of the town. Budapest is divided into ten municipal districts, three of which are on the right bank and belong to Buda. The nucleus of the town on the left bank is lormed by the inner town or old Pesth on the Danube, in a semicircle round which lie the districts of Leopoldstadt, Theresien- stadt, Elisabethstadt, Josephstadt, and Franzstadt, while 1. New Building. 2. Academy. 3. Exchange. 4. Redoute. 5. Carl s Barracks. 6. Parish Church. Plan of Pesth. 7 Town House. National Museum. National Theatre. Custom House. Opera House. Leopold Church. 19. Arsenal. 13. Academy of Music. 14. Exhibition. 15. Ludoviceum. 16. Synagogue. 17. Post Office. 18. Palace. to the east of these is the outer district of Steinbruch. Perhaps the most attractive part of Pesth is the line of broad quays on the Danube, which extend for a distance of 2J miles, from the Margarethenbriicke to the custom house, and are lined Avith imposing white buildings. The inner town, part of Avhich is somewhat irregularly built, is separated from the other quarters by a ring of spacious boulevards on the site of the old wall, and the lines of demarcation between the different districts also consist of Avide tree-shaded streets, mostly paved Avith asphalt. Most of the larger public buildings are in the Leopoldstadt, which shares in the fine frontage on the Danube, or in the handsome new Radial Strasse, Avhich traverses the Theresienstadt, Avith a Avidth of 100 to 150 feet. Pesth covers more ground than most towns of a similar popula tion on account of the large number of one-storied houses, Avhich form 70 per cent, of its buildings (as compared Avith 8 per cent, in Paris, 3 per cent, in Leipsic, ifcc.). Though of ancient origin, Pesth has nothing to show in the shape of venerable buildings ; and the modern edifices may perhaps be described as more noticeable for the general air of prosperity they diffuse than for marked individual merit. The oldest ecclesiastical edifice is the parish church, dating from 1500, Avhile the university church and those of the Leopoldstadt and the Franzstadt are the best of the more modern structures. The synagogue, hoAvever, is finer in many respects than .any of its Christian rivals. The long range of substantial buildings fronting the Danube
