230 A Q U A Q U For further information on the subject of ancient aque ducts, see E. Curtius, " Ueber Stadtische Wasserbauten der Hellenen," in Archdologische Zeitung, 1847 ; Sextus Julius Frontinus, De Aguceductibus Urbis Romce Libri II., with the Commentaries of Polenus (Patav. 1722) and Rondelet (Paris, 1820); Eaphael Fabretti, De Aquis et Aqu&ductibus Veteris Ronue Dissertatio; Plinii Hist. Nat. lib. xxxvi. cap. xv.; Montfaucon, Antiquite Expliquee, tome iv. tab. 128 ; Governor Pownall s Notes and Description of Anti quities in the Provincia Romana of Gaul ; Belidor s Archi tecture Hydraidique, containing a drawing of the aqueduct of Maintenon; also Mem. Acad. Par.; Andreossy, Voyage d I JEmbouchure de Mer Noire, ou Essai sur le Bosphore ; Philosophical Transactions Abridged, vol. i. ; and Link s Travels in Portugal. And for modern aqueducts, sno Eickman s Life of Telford, 1838 ; Schramke s New York Croton Aqueduct ; Second Annual Report of the Department of Public Works of the City of New York in 1872 ; Memoir ea sur les Eaux de Paris, presented par le Prefet de la Seine au Conseil Municipal, 1 854 and 1858 ; Recherches statistiques sur les sources du Bassin de la Seine, par M. Belgrand, Inge"nieur en chef des ponts et chausse"es, 1854. "Descrip tion of Mechanical arrangements of the Manchester Waterworks," by John Frederic Bateman, F.R.S., Engineer- in-chief, from the Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution, of Mechanical Engineers, 1866; The Glasgoiv Watenvorks, by James M. Gale, Member Inst. C.E., 1863 and 1864; The Report of the Royal Commission on Water Supply, and the Minutes of Evidence, 1867 and 1868. (A. s. ir. j. F. B.) AQUILA, a town of Italy, capital of the province of Abruzzo Ulteriore II., beautifully situated on the Aterno, about 56 miles from Rome. It is a well-built place, con taining a citadel, which dates from 1534, a cathedral (S. Bernardino du Siena}, as well as numerous other churches and religious establishments, a theatre, a fine town-hall, and a number of ancient mansions, such as the Palazzo Torres, with its picture-gallery, and the Palazzo del Governo, the residence of Margaret of Austria. Its chief manu factures are paper, linen, and wax; and it has a large trade in saffron, the principal product of the surrounding district. Aquila was founded about the year 1240, by the emperor Frederick II. who peopled it with the inhabi tants of the ancient Amiternum, the birthplace of Sallust, the ruins of which are still to be seen about 3 miles from the town. It soon became a very flourishing city; but war, pestilence, and especially earthquakes (1703, 1706), have done much to reduce its importance. Population, 16,607. AQUILA ( A/a Aa9), a native of Pontus, who nourished about 130 A.D., celebrated for his translation of the Hebrew Scriptures into Greek. His history is involved in much obscurity ; but, according to Epiphanius (De Pond, et Mens., c. 15), he was a kinsman of the Emperor Hadrian, who employed him in rebuilding Jerusalem (^Elia Capi- tolina), and was converted to Christianity, but on being reproved for practising the pagan astrology, apostatised to Judaism. This account, however, is more than doubtful. Aquila s version of the Scriptures was exceedingly close and accurate, and is said to have been used in place of the Septuagint in the synagogues. Though the Christians generally disliked it, alleging without due grounds that it rendered the Messianic passages incorrectly, Jerome and Origen speak in its praise. The few fragments that remain are published in the Hexapla of Origen, and in Dathe s Opuscula, Lips. 1746. AQUILA, CASPAR, the Latin name of Kaspar Adler, a celebrated German theologian who espoused the cause of the Reformation. He was born at Augsburg in 1488 ; and after studying there as well as at Berne and Leipsic, and for several years in Italy, he was appointed pastor of Jenga, a village near Augsburg. Here he embraced the doctrines of Luther ; but his boldness and zeal in the cause of the reformed faith led the bishop of Augsburg to order his arrest. Aquila passed the winter of 1519-1520 in the prison of Dillingen, and was only liberated through the influence of Isabella of Denmark, sister of the emperor Charles V. From Dillingen he went to Wittenberg, where lie became personally acquainted with Luther ; and thence i he went as tutor to the family of Franz von Sickingen, in the castle of Ebernburg. After a short stay at Eisenach, Aquila was appointed professor of Hebrew at Wittenberg, v/here he rendered valuable assistance to his colleague Luther in his translation of the Old Testament. In 1527 he became pastor, and the following year Protestant bishop at Saalfeld ; but his vehement opposition to the Interim of Charles V. in 1548, obliged him to flee from the place, and accept the offer from the countess of Schwarzburg of a temporary asylum in her castle of Rudolfstadt. He was appointed to the deanery of Schmalkalden in 1550, and restored two years after to his office at Saalfeld, where, without further molestation, he continued to discharge his duties till his death, 12th November 1560. The writings he has left are chiefly sermons and controversial works. AQUILA, SERAFINO DELL , a famous Italian poet and improvisatore, was born in 1466 at the town of Aquila, from which he took his name, and died in the year 1500. He spent several years at the courts of Cardinal Sforza and Ferdinand, duke of Calabria; but his principal patrons were the Borgias at Rome, from whom he received many favours. Aquila seems to have aimed at an imitation of Dante and Petrarch ; and his poems, which were extrava gantly praised during the author s lifetime, are occasion ally of considerable merit. His reputation was in great measure due to his remarkable skill as an improvisatore and musician. His works were printed at Venice in 1502, and there have been several subsequent editions. AQUILEIA, an ancient city, at the head of the Adriatic, founded or at least colonised by the Romans about 181 B.C., which, on account of its commanding the north-eastern entrance into Italy, soon rose into importance as a commer cial centre and as a military post. Connected by the JEmilian way with the capital and the south, it was also the starting-place of the roads to Rhsetia, Pannonia, Istria, and Dalmatia. The surrounding territory was highly fertile, and yielded abundance of wine ; while gold was foiind in considerable quantities in the neighbourhood. Aquileia was chosen by Julius Caesar as headquarters for his forces in Cisalpine Gaul, and was frequently the point d appui of imperial campaigns. It was strongly fortified by Marcus Aurelius in 160, and was able in 238 to frustrate the long-continued siege of Maximin. About this time it was one of the most important and flourishing cities of all Italy. It was recognised as the capital of Yenetia, and allowed to have the altogether exceptional privilege of a mint. In 361 the city was captured by Jovinus ; and in 381 it was the seat of a council, in which St Ambrose obtained the excommunication of Falladius. In 388 it surrendered to Theodosius the Great his antagonist Maxi- mus; and in 425 Joannes, the rebel against Theodcsius II., was led in derision through its streets on an ass, and then beheaded in its circus. In 425 it was taken and destroyed by Attila, and though restored by Narses in 552, it never recovered its former prosperity. At the
council of 556 its bishop whose predecessors can bo