324 A K B - A R B require a partial thinning to make way for the principal trees ; at this date the pines will be fit for poles or rails. It often, however, happens that the nurses are allowed to remain too long, and the principal crop consequently suffers from the evils of overcrowding. We have now alluded to some of the chief points con nected with arboriculture, but the subject is of such extent that it could not be fully treated in the limits of this article. Our object has been rather to direct attention to general principles ; and for fuller information we would refer those who desire a more practical arid detailed acquaintance with the subject to the following works: The classic Sylva of Evelyn and the exhaustive Arboretum ct Fruticetum Brilannicum of London should be in the hands of all students of Arboriculture. Selby s History of Forest Trees, 1842 ; The Forester, by James Brown, 4th ed., 1871; Grigor s Arbori culture, 1868 ; Du Breuil s Cours El&mentairc d Arboriculture, Paris ; Parade s Cours EUmcntaire tie Culture dcs Bois, Paris ; Mathieu s Flore Forcstierc, Nancy, 1860 ; and.j Hartig s Lchrbuch fur Forster, Stuttgart, 1861, are all useful books. Prize essays on special subjects are contained in the Transactions of the Highland and Agricultural Society, and instructive papers on various practical details are to be found in the Transactions of the Scottish Arbori- culttiral Society. The Forest Flora of Northern India, by Stewart and Brandis, 8vo, with 4to volume of illustrations, London, 1874, contains a great amount of information on the culture of trees in India and the Himalayan region. For American trees see the North American Sylva, by Michaux, Paris, 1819 ; Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts, by Emerson, Boston, 1846; and Trees of America, by D. J. Broune, New York, 1846. (H. C.) TABLE Showing the number of Trees required to pi ant an Imperial or Scotch Acre, at distances of one to thirty feet. IMPERIAL ACRE. SCOTCH ACRE. Dis tance. Number. Dis tance. Number. Dis tance. Number. Dis tance. Number. 1 43,560 12 302 1 54,760 12 380 14 19,360 12 270 14 24,338 124 350 2 10,890 13 257 2 13,690 13 324 2i 6,970 13i 239 24 8,761 134 300 3 4,840 14 222 3 6,084 14 279 3i 3,556 144 207 34 4,470 14i 260 4 2,722 15 193 4 3,422 15" 243 44 2,151 154 181 44 2,704 15J 228 5 1,742 16 170 5 2,190 16 214 54 1,440 16A 160 rt 1,810 164 201 6 1,210 17 150 G 1,521 17 189 6.1 1,031 174 142 64 1,296 174 178 7 889 18 134 7 1,117 18 169 74 774 18i 127 71 973 184 160 8 680 19 120 8 855 19 151 8i 603 194 114 8J 758 194 143 9 537 20 108 9 675 20 137 94 482 22 90 9i 606 22 113 10 435 24 75 10 547 24 95 10| 395 26 64 104 496 26 81 11 360 28 55 11 452 28 70 114 329 30 48 114 414 30 60 ARBROATH, or ABERBROTHOCK, a seaport and manu facturing town of Scotland, in the county of Forfar, 17 miles N.E. of Dundee and 60 N.N.E. of Edinburgh, in lat. 56 33 N. and long. 2 35 W. Of its origin we have no information, but it is probable that the shelter of the river Brothock, from which it derives its name, early attracted a settlement of seafaring folk. It was certainly in existence before the Tyronensian monks came from Kelso to take possession of the beautiful abbey dedicated to Thomas a- Becket, which King William the Lion had just founded in 1178. Whether the town was created a royal burgh in 1186, as has been stated, is uncertain ; but it still preserves its charter of 1599. By King John of England it was exempted from, "toll and custom" in every part of the southern kingdom except London. In 1320 a parliament was held in the abbey by Robert I., and a letter one of the most remarkable documents of our early history was addressed to the Pope in regard to the relations between Scotland and England. In 1394 the burgesses of Arbroath entered into an agreement with John Gedy, the abbot, by which he and his successors were bound to maintain a sufficient harbour at their own expense. The abbacy was held in succession by Bishop Beaton of Glas gow, and his nephew, Cardinal Beaton, afterwards Arch bishop of St Andrews. It was abolished by Act of Parliament, and erected into a temporal lordship of the Hamilton family in 1541. There is a tradition that the abbey was burned by a neighbouring " laird " in conse quence of a private quarrel with the commendatary; but it is more generally believed that it merely fell into ruin from neglect. There is no evidence that it suffered from the attacks of the Reformers. The vestry, the south tran sept, part of the chancel, the south wall of the nave, part of the entrance towers, the fine Norman gateway, and part of the secular buildings are still standing, and the abbot s house, now called the abbey house, is still inhabited. At the beginning of the 18th century Arbroath was a place of but little importance, but has since gradually risen. It is now the principal seat of the sail-cloth manufacture, has about thirty spinning-rnills, and seventeen factories, several considerable foundries, tanneries, and other works. During- the course of last century the abbot s harbour was super seded by one more commodious a little to the west, which was enlarged and improved, about 1844, at a cost of 50,000. More recently, by means of a Government loan and other funds, amounting together to 35,000, the entrance and bar have been much deepened, and a wet dock is (1875) in course of formation. A neat signal tower, 50 feet in height, with an excellent telescope, communicates with the Bell-Rock lighthouse ; and on the north pier is a fixed red light, at an elevation of 24 feet, visible 8 miles off. The imports are flax, hemp, coal, &c.; and the exports, paving-stones, grain, potatoes, fish, &c. At the first of December 1873 the number of vessels registered at the port was 64, with an aggregate burden of 9242 tons. The customs receipts that year amounted to 15,861, 13s. Id.; the tax on- British spirits to 6767, 11s.; total, 22,629, 4s. Id., showing an increase on the previous year of 604, 14s. Id. Among the public buildings are the town-hall, a trades hall, the new hall, the parish church, with a spire 150 feet high, three quoad sacra churches, five Free, three United Presby terian, one Episcopalian, one Roman Catholic, and two- Independent. There are six branch banks, a savings bank, a public library, an excellent museum, a high school, five- other public and a number of adventure and denominational schools, with an aggregate attendance of 3000 children, an infirmary, and a considerable number of charitable endow ments. The municipal government is vested in a provost, three bailies, a treasurer, a dean of guild, and twelve coun cillors ; and there are seven incorporated trades. In the year 1873-74 the expenditure for general public purposes including paving, lighting, cleansing, but excluding im provements, water, and sanitary expenditure was 6773, 15s. 3d. The town has been drained and well paved; an additional though somewhat small supply of water has been recently obtained, and the sanitary condition is on the whole satisfactory. Arbroath unites with Forfar, Montrose, Brechin, and Bervie, in sending a member to parliament. By the census
of 1871 it contained 2359 inhabited houses, and. including