of the turning or opening, being of course entirely inde pendent of the length of the lines. The ordinary method of measuring angles is based on the division of the circum ference of a circle into 360 equal parts, called degrees, the angles formed by lines radiating from the centre being proportional to the arcs of the circumference which the lines intercept. If O C makes equal angles with the straight line A O B, each of them is a right angle, or an angle of 90. In the figure A O E is an angle of 60, and C F and F O B are each 45 ; whence E O F is 75, E B 120, &c. By the angle curved lines make with each other is meant the rectilineal angle contained by the
tangents to the curves. See Geometry and Trigonometry.ANGLES. According to the usual account, which rests on the authority of Bede, the Angles were one of three tribes who passed over from the Continent in the 5th and Gth centuries, and taking possession of different parts of England, formed the main and dominant element in its subsequent population. The Saxons, he tells us, and he is followed by the authors of the Saxon chronicles, were situated in what is now Holstein ; the Angles occupied the district to the north, probably extending -across the peninsula, and beyond the Angles were the Jutes, in (approximately) the modern Jutland. Hypothetically they are identified with the Angli of Tacitus, who were seated on the Lower Elbe; and certainly they belonged to the Low German race. Some historians, as Professor Henry Morley, regard the distinction between Saxon and Angle as a mere accidental difference of name ; the people them selves employing the name of Angles, while Saxon was a foreign designation applied to them by the Romans and Celts ; and this view might be supported by the fact that, while the boys admired by Gregory, according to the well-known tale, were " Angles," his missionaries were sent to the Jutish kingdom of Kent. It must be admitted, however, that whatever the origin of the words Angle and Saxon may be, they expressed, from the time of the invasions downwards, a difference that was, if not radical and of long continuance, at least real and obvious. The Angles were a strong and vigorous people, and not only founded three kingdoms in England, Northumbria, East Anglia, and Mercia (which all, and especially the first, exercised a great influence on our early history), but also spread through a large part of the Lowlands of Scotland. Their language was soon brought under literary culture, and supplied a groundwork for the later and richer develop ments of the southern Saxons ; and it is still to be distinguished in the Northumbrian dialect and the Lowland Scotch. They have left us, though in the form of a rifacimento, one of the most remarkable literary legacies we possess the poem of Beowulf, and claim the honour of producing Cajdmon and the venerable Bede. See Thorpe s Lappenberg ; and Morley, Writers before Chaucer.
ANGLESEA or Anglesey (i.e., the Angle s Island), the Mona of Tacitus, an insular county of North Wales, separated from the mainland of England by the Menai Strait, over which Mr Telford s magnificent suspension bridge was thrown in 1826, followed by the renowned tubular railway iron bridge in 1850. The island contains 193,51 1 acres. The surface is for the most part flat, and the soil but moderately fertile. The exports consist of barley, oats, cattle, sheep, and hogs ; and a considerable trade is carried on in butter, cheese, hides, tallow, wax, and honey. It contains valuable minerals, and furnishes (though not so abundantly as formerly) copper, lead, silver, marble, asbestos, limestone, marl, and coal. The chief copper mines are at Parys, and were first worked in 1768 ; and those of coal are at Maltraeth and Tredfaeth. The stones for the towers of the tubular bridge were quarried at Penmore, 4 miles north of Beaumaris. There aro no manufactures of importance. The herring fishery in some years gives employment to a part of the inhabitants ; and other kinds of sea-fish are abundant. Anglesea was anciently famous as the seat of the Druidical pontiff, and a Druidicai college; and a number of (so-called) Druidicai remains such as the cromlechs atPlasNewydd are still to be seen. In 61 A.D. Suetonius Paulinus attacked the Druids in this their safest retreat, and they were utterly subdued by Agricola in 78. About 450 Caswallon, prince of Cambria, chose this island for his seat of government, and it continued to be the residence of the princes of North Wales till the final subjugation in 1277. At present the northern form of Welsh is spoken by the peasantry, but in the towns English is very generally understood. The county is divided into 6 "hundreds," and 76 parishes. The number of inhabitants in 1861 was 38,157; and in 1871,35,127. This decrease is ascribed to emigration, occasioned by the depressed state of the mining trades and lack of agricultural employment. The county returns one member to parliament, and one is also returned by the boroughs of Beaumaris, Holyhead, Amlwch, and Llangefni.
ANGLESEA, Arthur Annesley, Earl of, lord privy seal in the reign of King Charles II., the son of Sir Francis Annesley, Lord Mount-Norris, and Viscount Valentia, in Ireland, was born at Dublin 10th July 1614. He was for some time at the university of Oxford, and afterwards studied law at Lincoln s Inn. In the beginning of the civil war he sat in the parliament held at Oxford ; but afterwards became reconciled to the opposite party, and was sent commissioner to Ulster in 1645, to oppose the designs of the rebel Owen Roe O Neal. He was president of the council of state after the death of Cromwell, and was principally concerned in bringing about the Restora tion. He succeeded to his father s titles in 1660, and in 1661 was enrolled in the English peerage as Lord Annesley of Newport- Pagnell, Bucks, and Earl of Anglesea. During Charles s reign he was employed in various important affairs, was made treasurer of the navy, and for some time held the office of lord privy seal. Annesley was a person of great abilities and of very extensive learning, and was well acquainted with the constitution and laws of England. In his lifetime he published, several works, chiefly of a polemical and political character. He died in April 1686.
19th century, was born on the 17th of May 1768.- He was the eldest son of Henry Lord Paget, first Earl of Uxbridge, of whose family of twelve sons and daughters he was the last survivor. He received his early education at West minster school, and passed thence to Christchurch, Oxford, where he took the degree of M. A. Quitting the university in 1790, he entered parliament the same year as member for the Carnarvon group of boroughs, for which he sat six years. But to his high-spirited and impetuous nature the soldier s life was most attractive ; and during the excite ment which was occasioned by the outbreak of the wars of the French Revolution, Lord Paget raised on his father s estate the regiment known at first as the Staffordshire Volunteers, and afterwards as the 80th Foot in the regular army. Of this regiment he was named lieutenant-colonel. Having entered the army, and passed rapidly through the subordinate grades, he obtained his commission as lieu tenant-colonel on the 12th September 1793. In the fol lowing year he commenced his career of active service in the campaign of Flanders, under the Duke of York. So greatly did he distinguish himself, especially during the retreat which followed the repulse of Turcoiug, that not withstanding his youthful years, he was appointed, in the temporary absence of Lord Cathcart, to the command of
his brigade. Transferred soon after his return to England