466 ARCHITECTURE [GLOSSARY- vault of any groining is higher than the cross or transverse vaults which run from the windows, the system of vaulting is called underpitch groining, or, as termed by the workmen, Welsh groin ing. A very line example is at St George s Chapel, Windsor. GROUND TABLE. See BASE OF A WALL. GUILLOCHE or GUILLOCHOS (Gr. yvlov, a member, and xs, a saare), an interlaced ornament like network, used most frequently to enrich the torus. GUTT.E (Lat. drops). The small cylindrical drops used to enrich the mufules and regulas of the Doric entablature are so called. GUTTER, the channel for carrying off rain-water. The mediaeval gutters differed little .from others, except that they are often hollows sunk in the top of stone cornices, in which case they are generally called channels in English, and cheneaux in French. HAGIOSCOPE, a term derived from the Greek, improperly used to describe certain oblique openings in the mediaeval buildings for the purpose of seeing the altar. (See SQUINT.) HALL (Fr. salle, salon, Ital. sala, salonc, Ger. Sctal), the princi pal apartment in the large dwellings of the Middle Ages used for the purposes of receptions, feasts, &c. In the Norman castle the hall was generally in the keep above the ground floor, where the retainers lived, the basement being devoted to stores and dungeons for confining prisoners. Later halls, indeed some . Norman hails (not in castles), are generally on the ground floor, as at Westminster, approached by a porch either at the end, as in this last example, or at the side, as at Guildhall, London, having at one end a raised DAIS (which see) or Estrade. The roofs are generally open, and more or less ornamented. In the middle of these was an opening to let out the smoke (see LOUVRE, FEMERELL), though in later times the halls have large chimney places with funnels or chimney shafts for this purpose. At this period there were usually two deeply recessed bay windows at each end of the dais, and doors leading into the withdrawing- rooms or the ladies apartments; they are also- generally wain scoted with oak, in small panels, to the height of live or six feet, the panels often being enriched. Westminster Hall was origi nally divided into three parts, like a nave and side aisles, as are some on the Continent. HELIX (Gr. ej| r a wreath or ringlet), used synonymously with CAULICULUS, q.v. Its plural is Helices. HERRING-BONE WOKK, bricks or other materials arranged diagon ally in building. HEXASTYLE (Gr. f , six, and arvMs, a column). A portico of six columns in front is of this description. Most of the churches in London which have porticoes have hexaprostyles. HIGII ALTAR, the principal altar in a cathedral or church. Where there is a second, it is generally at the end of the choir or chancel, not in the Lady Chapel. At St Albans it stood at the end of the nave, close to the choir screen. HIP-KNOB, the finial on the hip of a roof, or between the barge boards of a gable. HOOD-MOULD, a word used to signify the drip-stone or label over a window or door opening, whether inside or out ; but it seems more properly to be applied to the mouldings at the arris of the arch at the inner side of such opening. Sometimes these assume the form of a label, and have jamb-shafts. Frequently the soffit is slightly hollowed and finishes with an arris. (See DRIPSTONE, LABEL.) HOTEL DE VILLE (Ital. broletto, palazzo, communale}, the town-hall or guild-hall, in France, Germany, and Northern Italy. The build ing in general serves for the administration of justice, the receipt of town dues, the regulation of markets, the residence of magis trates, barracks for police, prisons, and all other fiscal purposes. As may be imagined, they differ very much in different towns, but they have almost invariably attached to them, or closely adjacent, a large clock-tower (beffroi), containing one or more bells, for calling the people together on special occasions. HOTEL DIEU (Fr. maison dieu, Ital. ospedale, lo spedalc), the name for an hospital in mediaeval times. In England there are but few remains of these buildings, one of which is at Dover ; abroad there are many. The most celebrated is the one at Angers, described by Parker. They do not seem to differ much iii arrangement of plan from those in modern days the accommoda tion for the chaplain, medicine, nurses, stores, &c., being much the same in all ages, except that in some of the earlier, instead of the sick being placed in long wards like galleries, as is now done, they occupied large buildings, with naves and side aisles like churches. The reader is referred to the works of Parker, Viollet-le-Duc, and Verdier and Cattois, for further details. HYP.ETIIROS (Gr. vtr6, under, and cuQrjp, the air), a temple open to the air, or uncovered. The term may be the more easily under stood by supposing the roof removed from over the nave of a church in which columns or piers go up from the floor to the ceiling, leaving the aisles still covered. KYPOGEA (Gr. fao, under, and 77), the earth), constructions under the surface of the earth, or in the sides of a hill or mountain. (Gr. vit6, under, and Tpa.x-nos, the neck), the moulding or the groove at the junction of the shaft with the capi tal of a column. In some styles the hypotrachelium is a project ing fillet or moulding, and in others, as the Doric, it is composed of a channel or groove, .and sometimes of more than one. ICHNOGRAPHY (Gr. fyyos, a footstep or track, and ypa.Q f), a descrip tion or representation), the drawing of a plan, or representation of the site of an object on a horizontal plane. IMPOST, a term in classic architecture for the horizontal mouldings of piers or pilasters, from the top of which the archivolts or mouldings which go round the arch spring. The word is scarcely applicable to mediceval architecture, as the mouldings in general spring from the capital of a shaft, or from a corbel ; or they con tinue without breaking down to the base, or till they are stopped by a chamfer or a regular base moulding, or they die into a plain shaft, or at any rate one of different section. INTERCOLUMNIATION, the distance from column to column, the clear space between columns. INTERLACED ARCHES, arches where one passes over two openings, and they consequently cut or intersect each other. IRON WORK, in mediaeval architecture, as an ornament is chiefly confined to the hinges, &c., of doors and of church chests, &c. Specimens of Norman iron work are very rare. Early English specimens are numerous, and very elaborate. In some instances not only do the hinges become a mass of scroll work, but the surface of the doors is covered by similar ornaments. In both these periods the design evidently partakes of the feeling exhibited in the. stone orwod carving. In the Decorated period the scroll work is more graceful, and, like the foliage of the time, more natural. As styles progressed, there was a greater desire that the framing of the doors should be richer, and the ledges were cham fered or raised, then panelled, and at last the doors became a mass of scroll panelling. This, of course, interfered with the design of the hinges, the ornamentation of which gradually became un usual. In almost all styles the smaller and less important doors had merely plain strap hinges, terminating in a few bent scrolls, and latterly in fleurs-de-lis. Escutcheon and ring handles, and the other furniture, partook more or less of the character of the time. On the Continent the knockers arc very elaborate. At all periods doors have been ornamented with nails having projecting heads, sometimes square, sometimes polygonal, and sometimes ornamented with roses, &c. The iron work of windows is gene rally plain, and the ornament confined to simple fleur-de-lis heads to the stancheons. The iron work of screens enclosing tombs and chapels is noticed under GRILLE, q.v. JAMB, the side-post or lining of a doorway or other aperture. The jambs of a window outside the frame are called Reveals. JAMB-SHAFT. Small shafts to doors and windows with caps and bases ; when in the inside arris of the jamb of a window they, are sometimes called Esconsons. jAkBETTE, a French term for the upright ashlar piece between the inside of the plate and the rafters. JUBE, one of the names of the ambo or reading desk in the early Christian church. In later times, a term especially applied to the rood-loft or gallery over the screen, whence the words "Jube, Domine, benedicere," &c., were read. KEEL-MOULDING, a round on which there is a small fillet, somewhat like the keel of a ship. It is common in the Early English and Decorated styles. KEEP (Fr. donjon), the inmost and strongest part of a mediaeval castle, answering to the citadel of modern times. The arrange ment is said to have originated with Gundulf, the celebrated bishop of Rochester. The Norman keep is generally a very massive square tower, the basement or stories partly below ground being used for stores and prisons. The main story is generally a great deal above ground level, with a projecting entrance, approached by a flight of eteps and drawbridge. This floor is generally supposed to have been the guard-room cr place for the soldiery.; above this was the hall, which generally extended over the whole area of the building, and is sometime separated by columns ; above this are other apartments for the residents. There are winding staircases in the angles of the buildings; and passages and small chambers in the thickness of the walls. The keep was intended for the last refuge, in case the outworks were scaled and the other buildings stormed. There is generally a well in a mediaeval keep, ingeniously concealed in the thickness of a wall, or in a pillar. The most celebrated of Norman times are the White Tower in London, the castles at Rochester, Arundel, and Newcastle, Castle Hedingham, &c. The keep was often circular, as at Conisborough and Windsor. KEY-STONE, in classic architecture, the centre voussoir of an arch, often ornamented with carving. In Pointed architecture there is often no key-stone. For those to groined arches, see Boss. KNOB, KNOT, the bunch of flowers carved on a Corbel, or on a Boss. LABEL, the outer projecting moulding over doors, windows, arches, &c., sometimes called Dripstone or Weather Moulding, or Hood-
Mould. The former terms seem scarcely applicable, as this mould-