mois, situated on the left bank of the Charente, upon an elevated plateau, 221 feet above the river, at the foot of which, in the suburb of Houmeau, there is a station of the Paris and Bordeaux railway, 66 miles north-east of the latter town. The situation of Angouleme is very delight ful, and the city itself is in general well built, although in the old quarter many of the streets are narrow and irregu lar. The chief public buildings are the cathedral of St Peter, rebuilt in 1120, but founded at a much earlier period ; the remains of the old castle in the centre of the town, the birth-place of the celebrated Margaret of Valois, sister of Francis I. ; the courthouse, and the town-hall. The town is the seat of a bishop, and has a court of primary jurisdiction, a lyceum, two normal, and several ordinary schools, an hospital, a theatre, and a public library. Angou leme is an important manufacturing city ; its paper-mills produce large quantities of paper that is highly esteemed throughout France ; and there are also distilleries, pot teries, a cannon foundry, a powder mill, linen and serge factories, as well as a considerable trade in grain, fruit, and salt. Angouleme, the ancient Iculisma, was taken by Clovis from the Visigoths in 507 ; it was repeatedly plun dered by the Normans in the 9th century, and was long subject to the counts of Angouleme, and also for a con siderable period to the kings of England; but in 1303 Philip the Fair added it to the royal domain of France. In 1360 it was again surrendered to the English, who were, however, finally expelled in 1369. During the war of the Huguenots it was twice taken by the Protestants, in 1562
and 1568. Population (1872), 25,928.ANGOULEME, Charles de Valois, Duke of, the natural son of Charles IX. of France and Marie Touchet, was born 28th April 1573, at the castle of Fayet in Dauphine. His father, dying in the following year, com mended him to the care and favour of his brother and suc cessor, Henri III., who faithfully fulfilled the charge. His mother married Franois de Balzac, marquis d Entragues, and one of her daughters, Henriette, marchioness of Verneuil, afterwards became the mistress of Henri IV. Charles of Valois was carefully educated, and was destined for the order of Malta. At the early age of sixteen he attained one of the highest dignities of the order, being made grand prior of France. Shortly after he came into possession of large estates left by Catherine de Medicis, from one of which he took his title of count of Auvergne. In 1591 he obtained a dispensation from the vows of the order of Malta, and married Charlotte, daughter of Henri, marshal d Amville, afterwards duke of Montmorenci. In 1589 Henri III. was assassinated, but on his death-bed he com mended Charles to the good-will of his successor Henri IV. By that monarch he was made colonel of horse, and in that capacity served in the campaigns during the early part of the reign. But the connection between the king and the marchioness of Verneuil appears to have been very displeasing to Auvergne, and in 1601 he engaged in the conspiracy formed by the dukes of Savoy, Biron, and Bouillon, one of the objects of which was to force Henri to repudiate his wife and marry the marchioness. The conspiracy was discovered ; Biron and Auvergne were arrested, and Biron was executed. Auvergne after a few months imprisonment was released, chiefly through the in fluence of his half-sister, his aunt, the duchess d Angouleme, and his father-in-law. He then entered into fresh intrigues with the court of Spain, acting in concert with the mar chioness of Verneuil and her father d Entragues. In 1604 d Entragues and he were arrested and condemned to death; at the same time the marchioness was condemned to per petual imprisonment in a convent. She easily obtained pardon, and the sentence of death against the other two was commuted into perpetual imprisonment. Auvergne remained in the Bastile for eleven years from 1605 to 1616. In 1606 a decree of Parliament, obtained by Marguerite de Valois, deprived him of nearly all his possessions, in cluding Auvergne, though he still retained the title. In 1616 he was released, was restored to his rank of colonel- general of horse, and despatched against one of the disaf fected nobles, the duke of Longueville, who had taken Peronne. Next year he commanded the forces collected in the Isle de France, and obtained some successes. In 1619 he received by bequest, ratified in 1620 by royal grant, the duchy of Angouleme. Soon after he was engaged on an important embassy to Germany, the result of which was the treaty of Ulm, signed July 1620. In 1627 he commanded the large forces assembled at the siege of La Ptochelle ; and some years after, in 1635, during the Thirty Years War, he was general of the French army in Lorraine. In 1636 he was made lieutenant-general of the army. He appears to have retired from public life shortly after the death of Richelieu in 1643. His first wife died in 1636, and in 1644 he married Francoise de Nargonne, daughter of Charles, baron of Mareuil. She had no children, and survived her husband many years. Angouleme himself died in 1650, in his seventy-sixth year. By his first wife he had three children : Henri, who became insane ; Louis Emmanuel, who succeeded his father as due d Angouleme; and Francois, who died 1622.
The duke was the author of the following works : (1.) Memoires, from Uie Assatsination of Henri III. to the Battle of Arqiies, published at Paris by Boneau, and reprinted by Buchon in his Choix de Chroniqucs, 1836, and by Fetitot in his Mtmoires, 1st series, vol. xliv. ; (2.) Lcs Harangues, prononc^s en AssciribUc de MM. Us Princes Protestants d Allcmagne, par Monseigneur le due d Angouleme, 1620 ; (3.) A translation of a Spanish work by Diego de Torres. To him has also been ascribed the work, La gentrale ct fidele Relation de tout ce qui s cst pass/ en I Isle de Re, cnvoyee par le Roi a la Royne sa mere, Paris, 1627.
ANGOUMOIS, an old province of France, nearly corresponding to the department of Charente. Its capital was Angoulême.
ANGRA, a city on the south coast of Terceira, one of the Azores, the capital of the island and of one of the three civil districts into which the Azores are divided, as well as the residence of the military governor of the whole group, and of the Roman Catholic bishops. It is a well-built, strongly fortified town, containing an arsenal for the Portugal royal navy, a cathedral, and several churches, monasteries, and nunneries. The harbour is sheltered on the west and south-west by the promontory of Mount Brazil, and if this natural protection were supplemented by a breakwater on the south-east, the town would possess a secure and commodious anchorage; as it is, vessels during certain seasons are safer in the open sea. The chief exports are wine and grain; but foreign trade is not large. Population, 11,281.
ANGRI, a town of Italy, in the province of Salerno, situated 11½ miles N.W. of the town of Salerno, in a country which produces large quantities of grapes, cotton, and tobacco. Narses defeated Teias, the last king of the Goths, not far from Angri in 553 A.D. Population, 10,332.
ANGUIER, François (born 1604, died 1669), and Michael (born 1612, died 1686), two brothers, natives of Normandy, were distinguished sculptors in the time of Louis XIV. The chief works of Francis are the monument to Cardinal de Bérulle, in the chapel of the oratory at Paris, and the mausoleum of the last duc de Montmorency at Moulins. Michael executed the sculptures of the triumphal arch at the Porte St Denis. A marble group of the Nativity in the church of Val de Grâce, was reckoned his masterpiece.
